AISI 5135 Steel Sheet,Plate

AISI 5135 Steel Sheet/Plate Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 5135 Steel Sheet/Plate Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

AISI 5135 Steel Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **AISI 5135 Chromium Alloy Steel - Technical Data Sheet** ## **1. Product Overview** **AISI 5135** is a medium-carbon chromium alloy steel designed for applications requiring **high strength, good toughness, and excellent wear resistance**. With a nominal carbon content of 0.35% and approximately 1.0% chromium, this steel provides superior hardenability compared to lower carbon grades in the 51xx series, making it suitable for larger cross-sections and higher stress applications. This steel is particularly valued for its **excellent response to heat treatment**, achieving high hardness (typically 45-55 HRC when quenched and tempered at low temperatures) while maintaining adequate toughness for impact loading. It is widely used in automotive, machinery, and equipment components where durability and reliability under cyclic loading are essential. --- ## **2. Chemical Composition (SAE J404/J412)** | Element | Composition Range (%) | Metallurgical Function | |---------|----------------------|------------------------| | **Carbon (C)** | 0.33 - 0.38 | Primary hardening element; provides high strength and hardness capability | | **Manganese (Mn)** | 0.60 - 0.90 | Enhances hardenability, contributes to strength, aids in deoxidation | | **Phosphorus (P)** | ≤ 0.035 | Residual impurity; minimized for improved ductility and toughness | | **Sulfur (S)** | ≤ 0.040 | Residual element; typically low for better transverse properties | | **Silicon (Si)** | 0.15 - 0.35 | Deoxidizer; provides solid solution strengthening | | **Chromium (Cr)** | 0.80 - 1.10 | **Key alloying element**; significantly improves hardenability, wear resistance, and tempering stability | | **Iron (Fe)** | Balance | Base metal | **Material Designations:** - **SAE/AISI:** 5135 - **UNS:** G51350 - **Common Forms:** Round bars, flat bars, forging stock, seamless tubing - **Available Conditions:** Annealed, normalized, hot rolled, cold finished --- ## **3. Physical & Mechanical Properties** ### **As-Supplied Conditions:** **Annealed Condition (for machining):** - **Hardness:** 187-229 HB (90-98 HRB) - **Tensile Strength:** 620-795 MPa (90-115 ksi) - **Yield Strength:** 415-585 MPa (60-85 ksi) - **Elongation (in 2"):** 18-24% - **Reduction of Area:** 40-50% - **Machinability:** 45-50% (relative to 1212 steel = 100%) **Normalized Condition:** - **Hardness:** 201-241 HB - **Tensile Strength:** 655-860 MPa (95-125 ksi) - **Yield Strength:** 380-620 MPa (55-90 ksi) - **Grain Size:** ASTM 5-7 ### **Heat Treated Properties (Through-Hardened):** **Standard Heat Treatment:** - **Austenitizing:** 830-860°C (1525-1580°F) - **Quenching:** Oil (preferred for sections up to 75mm) - **Tempering:** 150-600°C (300-1110°F) depending on requirements **Typical Properties After Heat Treatment:** | Tempering Temperature | Hardness (HRC) | Tensile Strength | Yield Strength | Charpy V-Notch Impact | |----------------------|----------------|------------------|----------------|-----------------------| | As-quenched | 54-59 | - | - | 12-18 J | | 200°C (400°F) | 50-55 | 1650-1850 MPa | 1400-1600 MPa | 15-25 J | | 400°C (750°F) | 40-45 | 1250-1450 MPa | 1100-1300 MPa | 30-45 J | | 550°C (1020°F) | 30-35 | 950-1150 MPa | 800-1000 MPa | 50-70 J | ### **Hardenability Data:** - **Ideal Critical Diameter (D₁) in oil:** 65-80 mm - **Maximum section for effective hardening:** ~90 mm in oil quench - **Jominy distance to 50 HRC:** ~J12-J16 - **Jominy distance to 40 HRC:** ~J20-J25 - **Quench severity required:** H=0.30-0.45 (moderate oil agitation) ### **Physical Properties:** - **Density:** 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³) - **Melting Point:** 1480-1520°C (2695-2770°F) - **Modulus of Elasticity:** 205 GPa (29,700 ksi) - **Shear Modulus:** 80 GPa (11,600 ksi) - **Poisson's Ratio:** 0.29 - **Thermal Conductivity:** 44.0 W/m·K at 100°C - **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion:** 11.9 μm/m·°C (20-100°C) - **Specific Heat:** 460 J/kg·K at 20°C --- ## **4. Product Applications** ### **Automotive & Transportation:** - **Heavy-duty axle shafts** for trucks and buses - **Transmission components:** Gears, shafts, synchronizer hubs - **Steering system parts:** Heavy-duty drag links, pitman arms - **Suspension components:** Torsion bars, stabilizer bars, leaf spring clips - **Engine components:** Crankshafts (medium duty), camshafts ### **Industrial Machinery:** - **Gears and pinions** for industrial gearboxes - **Shafts** for pumps, compressors, and turbines - **Machine tool components:** Spindles, arbors, lead screws - **Hydraulic components:** Piston rods, cylinder barrels - **Agricultural equipment:** Implement shafts, gear components ### **Heavy Equipment:** - **Construction machinery:** Track pins, roller shafts, pivot pins - **Mining equipment:** Drill rods, crusher components, conveyor drives - **Material handling:** Crane hooks, sheave shafts, hoist drums - **Railway components:** Axles, coupling rods, brake components ### **Tooling & Special Applications:** - **Forging dies** and die blocks (medium duty) - **Plastic injection molds** (cores and cavities) - **High-strength fasteners** and studs - **Wear plates** and guides - **Hand tools:** Wrenches, socket drives, impact tools ### **Typical Heat Treatment by Application:** | Application | Hardness Range | Heat Treatment | Section Size Limit | |-------------|----------------|----------------|-------------------| | Gears | 32-40 HRC | Q&T @ 450-550°C | Up to 75mm | | Shafts | 28-38 HRC | Q&T @ 500-600°C | Up to 100mm | | Fasteners | 35-45 HRC | Q&T @ 350-450°C | Up to 50mm | | Wear Parts | 45-55 HRC | Q&T @ 200-300°C | Up to 40mm | | Tools | 48-54 HRC | Q&T @ 150-250°C | Up to 30mm | --- ## **5. International Standards & Equivalent Grades** ### **Primary Standards:** | Standard | Designation | Specification Document | |----------|-------------|------------------------| | **SAE/AISI** | **5135** | SAE J404, J412 | | **UNS** | **G51350** | Unified Numbering System | | **ASTM** | - | A322 (Standard for Alloy Steel Bars) | ### **Global Equivalent Grades:** | Country/Region | Standard | Equivalent Grade | Notes | |----------------|----------|-----------------|-------| | **International (ISO)** | ISO 683-11 | **34Cr4** | Type 1.7035 | | **Europe (EN)** | EN 10083-3 | **34Cr4** | Designation 1.7035 | | **Germany** | DIN 17200 | **34Cr4** | Direct equivalent | | **Japan** | JIS G4105 | **SCr440** | Very similar composition | | **China** | GB/T 3077 | **35Cr** (35铬) | Chinese equivalent (35Cr) | | **France** | NF A35-552 | **35C4** | French standard | | **United Kingdom** | BS 970 | **530M40** | British specification | | **Sweden** | SS 14 2172 | **2234** | Swedish standard | ### **H-Grade Variant:** - **AISI 5135H:** Available with guaranteed hardenability bands per SAE J1268 ### **Related Processing Standards:** - **Heat Treatment:** AMS 2759, ASTM A29 - **Forging:** ASTM A788 - **Bars:** ASTM A322, A304 - **Cleanliness:** ASTM E45, AMS 2301 (for special qualities) --- ## **6. Manufacturing & Processing Characteristics** ### **Hot Working Parameters:** - **Forging Temperature:** 1150-850°C (2100-1560°F) - **Hot Rolling:** 1100-900°C (2010-1650°F) - **Finish Forging Temperature:** ≥850°C (1560°F) - **Post-hot work cooling:** Slow cool (covered pit or furnace) to prevent cracking ### **Heat Treatment Guidelines:** **1. Annealing (for Machining):** - **Full Anneal:** 830-860°C, furnace cool to 600°C at ≤25°C/hour, then air cool - **Spheroidize Anneal:** 740-760°C, hold 4-8 hours, furnace cool to 650°C at ≤10°C/hour - **Resulting Hardness:** 187-217 HB **2. Normalizing:** - **Temperature:** 870-900°C - **Soak Time:** 30 minutes per inch minimum - **Cooling:** Still air - **Purpose:** Grain refinement and homogenization **3. Hardening:** - **Austenitizing:** 840-860°C (1545-1580°F) - **Soak Time:** 20-30 minutes per inch of thickness - **Pre-heat:** 650-700°C recommended for sections >50mm - **Quenching Medium:** Oil (ISO VG 46-100), moderate to strong agitation - **Martempering Option:** Quench into hot oil at 150-200°C, hold to equalize, then air cool **4. Tempering:** - **Begin Tempering:** When parts reach 50-100°C after quenching - **Temperature Range:** 150-650°C based on required hardness - **Time:** Minimum 1 hour per inch of thickness, plus 1 hour - **Cooling:** Air cool; rapid cooling through 350-575°C range recommended ### **Machinability:** - **Optimal Condition:** Annealed (spheroidized, 187-217 HB) - **Cutting Speed:** 35-50 m/min with carbide tools - **Feed Rate:** 0.15-0.25 mm/rev for finishing, 0.3-0.5 mm/rev for roughing - **Tool Material:** Carbide (C2-C6 grades) or premium cobalt HSS - **Tool Geometry:** Positive rake (5-7°), sharp cutting edges - **Coolant:** Emulsion or neat oil essential ### **Weldability:** - **Rating:** Poor (precautions essential) - **Pre-heat Required:** 250-350°C minimum - **Interpass Temperature:** 250-350°C - **Post-weld Heat Treatment:** Stress relief at 600-650°C for 1 hour/inch - **Welding Processes:** SMAW with low-hydrogen electrodes (E10018-D2), GTAW - **Critical Note:** Complete re-austenitizing, quenching, and tempering required to restore full properties in weld-affected zones --- ## **7. Quality Control & Inspection** ### **Standard Testing Requirements:** - **Chemical Analysis:** ASTM A751 (spectrochemical preferred) - **Hardness Testing:** ASTM E10 (Brinell), E18 (Rockwell) - **Tensile Testing:** ASTM E8/E8M - **Impact Testing:** ASTM E23 (Charpy V-notch) if specified - **Microstructural Examination:** ASTM E112 (grain size), E45 (inclusions) ### **Typical Quality Parameters:** - **Grain Size:** ASTM 5-7 (fine to medium) - **Decarburization:** ≤0.40 mm total per side (as-supplied) - **Surface Quality:** Free from seams, laps, cracks, and excessive scale - **Straightness:** Per commercial standards or customer specifications - **Ultrasonic Testing:** Available for internal quality verification ### **Special Quality Grades:** - **Aircraft Quality:** Per AMS specifications with enhanced cleanliness requirements - **Bearing Quality:** For high fatigue resistance applications - **Vacuum Degassed:** For improved cleanliness and reduced gas content - **Electroslag Remelted (ESR):** For ultra-high purity and homogeneity --- ## **8. Technical Performance Characteristics** ### **Fatigue Properties:** - **Rotating Bending Fatigue Limit:** 500-580 MPa (73-84 ksi) at 35 HRC - **Fatigue Ratio (σe/UTS):** 0.45-0.52 - **Notch Sensitivity Index (q):** 0.80-0.85 - **Surface Finish Effect:** Polished surfaces improve fatigue limit by 20-30% - **Shot Peening Benefit:** Increases fatigue strength by 25-40% ### **Wear Resistance:** - **Abrasive Wear Resistance:** Very good at hardness >40 HRC - **Adhesive Wear (scuffing resistance):** Good with proper lubrication - **Contact Fatigue (pitting resistance):** Good to very good for gear applications - **Break-in Characteristics:** Good with proper surface finish (0.8-1.6 μm Ra) ### **Fracture Toughness & Impact Properties:** - **Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Temperature:** -10°C to -30°C (depending on heat treatment) - **Fracture Toughness (K₁C):** 50-70 MPa√m at 35 HRC - **Impact Energy Transition:** Sharp transition typical of medium-carbon steels - **Temper Embrittlement Susceptibility:** Moderate; avoid slow cooling through 350-575°C range ### **Temperature Effects:** - **Maximum Continuous Service:** 300°C (570°F) - **Short-term Exposure:** Up to 450°C (840°F) acceptable - **Temper Resistance:** Good up to 400°C (750°F) - **Cryogenic Service:** Limited to -20°C (-4°F) without special heat treatment - **Thermal Fatigue Resistance:** Moderate (limited by thermal expansion coefficient) --- ## **9. Design & Application Considerations** ### **Optimal Application Parameters:** - **Section Size Range:** 30-100 mm diameter for through-hardening - **Stress Concentration:** Generous fillets (R ≥ 0.5 × section change) - **Surface Finish Requirements:** 0.8-3.2 μm Ra for optimal performance - **Dimensional Tolerance:** IT8-IT10 achievable with post-heat treatment grinding ### **Advantages of AISI 5135:** ✅ **Excellent hardenability** for medium to large sections ✅ **High strength capability** (up to 1800 MPa tensile) ✅ **Good wear resistance** when properly heat treated ✅ **Reliable fatigue performance** for cyclic loading applications ✅ **Cost-effective** compared to nickel-alloyed steels ✅ **Good response** to surface hardening processes ### **Limitations & Considerations:** ⚠️ **Limited toughness** at high hardness levels (>45 HRC) ⚠️ **Welding difficult** and requires complete re-heat treatment ⚠️ **Corrosion resistance** similar to carbon steels (requires protection) ⚠️ **Machinability** fair at best, requires proper tooling and conditions ⚠️ **Temper embrittlement** risk if improperly cooled after tempering ⚠️ **Not suitable** for very large sections (>125mm) requiring uniform properties ### **Comparison with Similar Grades:** | Property | 5135 | 5140 | 4135 | 8635 | 1045 | |----------|------|------|------|------|------| | **Carbon Range** | 0.33-0.38 | 0.38-0.43 | 0.33-0.38 | 0.33-0.38 | 0.43-0.50 | | **Chromium Content** | 0.80-1.10 | 0.80-1.10 | 0.80-1.10 | 0.40-0.70 | - | | **Typical Hardness** | 35-45 HRC | 40-50 HRC | 35-45 HRC | 35-45 HRC | 20-30 HRC | | **Hardenability** | Very Good | Excellent | Good | Excellent | Fair | | **Toughness** | Good | Fair | Very Good | Excellent | Good | | **Primary Use** | Shafts, gears | Heavy gears | General purpose | Critical parts | General purpose | | **Relative Cost** | 1.05 | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.20 | 0.80 | --- ## **10. Special Processing Options** ### **Surface Hardening Methods:** 1. **Induction Hardening:** - **Surface Hardness:** 55-60 HRC - **Case Depth:** 1.5-8.0 mm (adjustable) - **Applications:** Selective hardening of wear surfaces on shafts, gears 2. **Flame Hardening:** - **For:** Large or irregularly shaped components - **Control:** Critical to prevent overheating and cracking 3. **Nitriding:** - **Surface Hardness:** 65-72 HRC (converted) - **Case Depth:** 0.2-0.8 mm - **Benefits:** Improved wear and fatigue resistance with minimal distortion ### **Thermomechanical Processing:** - **Controlled Rolling:** For improved toughness in specific orientations - **Ausforming:** For ultra-high strength (requires specialized equipment) - **Intercritical Heat Treatment:** For optimized combination of strength and toughness - **Austempering:** For improved toughness at given hardness level ### **Finishing Operations:** - **Grinding:** After heat treatment for precision dimensions and surface finish - **Honing:** For improved surface characteristics and dimensional accuracy - **Shot Peening:** For compressive surface stresses and improved fatigue life - **Superfinishing:** For optimal surface texture (0.1-0.4 μm Ra) - **Coating/Plating:** For corrosion protection (phosphate, black oxide, electroplating) --- ## **11. Environmental & Economic Considerations** ### **Material Safety & Handling:** - **General Safety:** Standard steel handling procedures apply - **Machining:** Use appropriate ventilation and dust collection - **Heat Treatment:** Standard furnace safety and quench oil fire prevention - **Disposal:** Recyclable as ferrous scrap; no hazardous constituents ### **Environmental Compliance:** - **REACH Compliance:** Fully compliant (no SVHC substances) - **RoHS Compliance:** Does not contain restricted hazardous substances - **Recyclability:** 100% recyclable as ferrous scrap - **Carbon Footprint:** Typical for alloy steel production ### **Economic Factors:** - **Material Cost:** Moderate (higher than carbon steels, lower than Ni-Cr-Mo alloys) - **Processing Cost:** Standard heat treatment costs apply - **Tooling Cost:** Higher than for free-machining steels - **Life Cycle Cost:** Favorable for durable components with long service life - **Availability:** Readily available from major steel producers worldwide ### **Sustainability Considerations:** - Long service life reduces replacement frequency and resource consumption - Energy efficient compared to some higher alloy alternatives - Compatible with modern, efficient manufacturing processes - Fully recyclable at end of service life with high scrap value - Can be produced with recycled steel content --- **Technical Note:** AISI 5135 represents an optimal balance in the chromium alloy steel series for applications requiring good hardenability without the excessive carbon content of 5140 or higher grades. Its 0.35% carbon content provides sufficient hardenability for sections up to 100mm while maintaining better toughness than higher carbon grades. This makes it particularly suitable for components subjected to combined bending and torsional loading where both strength and some impact resistance are required. **Revision:** 1.1 **Date:** October 2023 **Disclaimer:** This technical data is for informational purposes. Actual properties depend on specific processing history, heat treatment parameters, section size, and manufacturing variables. Always consult with material suppliers and conduct application-specific testing for critical components. Properties may vary between manufacturers, heat lots, and processing conditions. The information presented represents typical values and ranges; specific applications may require modification of parameters or selection of alternative materials. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 5135 Steel Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <4116 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 5135 Steel Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of AISI 5135 Steel Sheet,Plate -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers AISI 5135 Steel Sheet,Plate -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of AISI 5135 Steel Sheet/Plate -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Sheet/Plate drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 587 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition