Latrobe,CBS-223™ VIM-VAR Carburizing Bearing and Gear Steel Foil/Strip

Latrobe CBS-223™ VIM-VAR Carburizing Bearing and Gear Steel Foil Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Latrobe CBS-223™ VIM-VAR Carburizing Bearing and Gear Steel Foil Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Latrobe CBS-223™ VIM-VAR Carburizing Bearing and Gear Steel Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # Product Datasheet: Latrobe CBS-223™ VIM-VAR Carburizing Bearing and Gear Steel ## 1. Product Overview **Latrobe CBS-223™ VIM-VAR** is a premium-grade, high-performance carburizing steel specifically engineered for critical bearing and gear applications in extreme service environments. Utilizing the advanced **Vacuum Induction Melting - Vacuum Arc Remelting (VIM-VAR)** double refining process, this material delivers exceptional cleanliness, microstructural uniformity, and enhanced fatigue resistance. Developed as part of Latrobe's "Case-Hardened Bearing Steel" series, CBS-223™ is optimized to provide the ideal balance of ultra-hard surface properties and exceptionally tough core characteristics required for the most demanding aerospace, defense, and industrial applications. ## 2. Key Advantages & Characteristics - **Superior Fatigue Performance**: Exceptionally high rolling contact fatigue (RCF) and bending fatigue resistance - **Excellent Case-Core Property Balance**: Hard, wear-resistant case (58-64 HRC) with tough, ductile core (35-45 HRC) - **Enhanced Steel Cleanliness**: VIM-VAR process minimizes oxide inclusions and improves microstructural homogeneity - **Deep Hardenability**: Capable of achieving deep, uniform case depths exceeding 3.0 mm (0.120") - **Optimized Dimensional Stability**: Controlled heat treatment response minimizes distortion during processing - **Superior Fracture Toughness**: Nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloying provides excellent impact resistance - **Improved Machinability**: Favorable machinability in annealed condition compared to similar high-performance grades ## 3. Chemical Composition (Typical, wt.%) ### 3.1 Primary Alloying Elements | Element | Content Range | Typical Value | Metallurgical Function | |---------|--------------|---------------|------------------------| | Carbon (C) | 0.12-0.18 | 0.15 | Base hardenability, carburizing response | | Nickel (Ni) | 2.90-3.30 | 3.10 | Core toughness enhancement, hardenability | | Chromium (Cr) | 1.20-1.60 | 1.40 | Case hardenability, wear resistance | | Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.30-0.50 | 0.40 | Hardenability, temper resistance | | Manganese (Mn) | 0.35-0.60 | 0.48 | Hardenability, deoxidation | | Silicon (Si) | 0.15-0.35 | 0.25 | Deoxidizer, strength enhancement | | Vanadium (V) | 0.07-0.12 | 0.10 | Grain refinement, secondary hardening | | Copper (Cu) | ≤0.20 | 0.10 | Residual, minimal effect | | Sulfur (S) | ≤0.008 | 0.005 | Inclusion control | | Phosphorus (P) | ≤0.012 | 0.008 | Impurity control | ### 3.2 VIM-VAR Process Benefits - **Oxygen Content**: ≤12 ppm (typically 6-10 ppm) - **Hydrogen Content**: ≤2.5 ppm - **Inclusion Rating**: ASTM E45 Method A, Plate 1: ≤0.5 (Thin series), ≤0.5 (Heavy series) - **Macro-Cleanliness**: Superior to conventional air-melted grades - **Segregation Control**: Minimal centerline segregation in large sections ## 4. Manufacturing Process ### 4.1 VIM-VAR Production Sequence ``` 1. VACUUM INDUCTION MELTING (VIM) • Raw material selection and charging • Melting under vacuum (0.5-5.0 Pa) • Precise temperature and composition control • Deoxidation and refining • Tapping into electrode molds 2. VACUUM ARC REMELTING (VAR) • Electrode preparation and welding • Controlled remelting under vacuum • Directional solidification parameters • Ingot solidification control • Cooling and extraction 3. PRIMARY PROCESSING • Homogenization treatment (1150-1200°C) • Hot working (forging/rolling) • Spheroidize annealing • Conditioning and inspection ``` ### 4.2 Quality Control Standards | Parameter | Specification | Test Method | |-----------|---------------|-------------| | Ultrasonic Quality | AMS 2301, Class 1 | Ultrasonic inspection | | Inclusion Rating | ASTM E45, Plate 1 ≤0.5 | Microscopic examination | | Grain Size | ASTM 5-8 | ASTM E112 | | Hardness (Annealed) | 183-229 HB | Brinell hardness | | Surface Quality | Free of seams and cracks | Visual and NDT | ## 5. Physical & Mechanical Properties ### 5.1 Annealed Condition (Delivery State) | Property | Value Range | Test Standard | |----------|-------------|---------------| | Hardness | 183-229 HB | ASTM E10 | | Tensile Strength | 620-860 MPa | ASTM E8 | | Yield Strength (0.2%) | 415-690 MPa | ASTM E8 | | Elongation | 18-25% | ASTM E8 | | Reduction of Area | 40-55% | ASTM E8 | | Modulus of Elasticity | 203 GPa | Calculated | | Density | 7.85 g/cm³ | ASTM B311 | ### 5.2 Heat Treated Condition (Carburized) | Property | Case (Surface) | Core | Conditions | |----------|----------------|------|-----------| | Hardness | 58-64 HRC | 35-45 HRC | After carburizing & tempering | | Effective Case Depth | 1.5-3.0+ mm | N/A | At 50 HRC threshold | | Ultimate Tensile Strength | N/A | 1100-1380 MPa | Core material | | Yield Strength | N/A | 930-1240 MPa | Core material | | Bending Fatigue Limit | 550-650 MPa | N/A | R=-1, polished | | Residual Stress | -300 to -500 MPa | Compressive | Surface measurement | ### 5.3 Thermal Properties | Property | Value | Conditions | |----------|-------|-----------| | Thermal Conductivity | 42.5 W/m·K | 20°C | | Specific Heat | 475 J/kg·K | 20°C | | Thermal Expansion | 12.3×10⁻⁶/°C | 20-100°C | | Ac₁ Temperature | 720-740°C | Lower critical | | Ac₃ Temperature | 810-830°C | Upper critical | | Carburizing Temperature | 900-950°C | Standard range | ## 6. Heat Treatment Guidelines ### 6.1 Standard Carburizing Cycle ``` 1. PREHEAT & CARBURIZING • Preheating: 650-700°C (stress relief) • Carburizing: 925-945°C • Atmosphere: Endothermic gas + natural gas • Carbon Potential: 0.80-0.95% • Time: Variable for case depth (typically 4-12 hours/mm) 2. DIFFUSION • Temperature: 925-945°C • Carbon Potential: 0.70-0.75% • Time: 25-40% of carburizing time 3. QUENCHING • Direct quench from carburizing temperature • Medium: Oil (fast quenching oil) • Temperature: 50-70°C • Agitation: Moderate to vigorous 4. TEMPERING • Temperature: 150-200°C • Time: 2-4 hours minimum • Cycles: Single or double temper ``` ### 6.2 Alternative Processing - **Vacuum Carburizing**: Recommended for optimal cleanliness - **High Pressure Gas Quenching**: For reduced distortion - **Sub-zero Treatment**: Optional for retained austenite control - **Shot Peening**: For enhanced fatigue performance ## 7. International Standards & Specifications ### 7.1 Primary Specifications | Standard | Designation | Notes | |----------|-------------|-------| | AMS 2301 | Premium Aircraft Quality | Cleanliness standard | | AMS 2759/3 | Heat Treatment - Carburizing | Process specification | | Latrobe Spec | CBS-223 | Proprietary material specification | | SAE J404 | Composition standard | Reference only | ### 7.2 Related Standards - **AMS 6260**: Steel Bars, 9315 (Similar composition class) - **AMS 6265**: Steel Bars, Gear, 1.8Ni-0.55Cr-0.35Mo - **ASTM A534**: Carburizing Steels for Anti-Friction Bearings - **DIN 17210**: Case-Hardening Steels (Similar to 1.6523) ### 7.3 Industry Specifications | Industry | Standard | Application | |----------|----------|------------| | Aerospace | AMS 2300 | Premium aircraft quality | | Aerospace | AS9100 | Quality management system | | Automotive | SAE J1268 | Gear material classification | | Bearing | ABMA Std 12 | Bearing steel requirements | ## 8. Product Applications ### 8.1 Aerospace & Defense - **Helicopter Transmissions**: Main and tail rotor gearbox gears, pinions, and shafts - **Aircraft Gearboxes**: Accessory drive gears, starter/generator components - **Jet Engine Components**: Turbine shaft bearings, accessory gearbox gears - **Missile Systems**: Guidance system gears, actuator components - **Military Vehicles**: Transmission gears, final drive components ### 8.2 Industrial Applications - **Wind Turbines**: Main gearbox planet gears, high-speed shaft bearings - **Heavy Machinery**: Mining equipment gears, crane rotation gears - **Power Generation**: Gas turbine gearbox components - **Oil & Gas**: Drilling equipment gears, pump drive components - **Marine**: Reduction gearbox gears, propeller shaft bearings ### 8.3 Specialized Applications - **Racing & Performance**: High-performance transmission gears, differential components - **Medical Equipment**: Surgical robot gears, imaging system components - **Scientific Instruments**: Precision positioning gears, telescope drives - **Robotics**: High-torque robotic joint gears, actuator components ## 9. Machining & Processing Characteristics ### 9.1 Machinability (Annealed Condition) | Operation | Recommended Parameters | Tool Material | |-----------|------------------------|---------------| | Turning | Speed: 70-120 m/min, Feed: 0.15-0.35 mm/rev | Carbide (C2-C4) | | Milling | Speed: 80-150 m/min, Feed: 0.08-0.25 mm/tooth | Coated carbide | | Drilling | Speed: 25-45 m/min, Feed: 0.10-0.20 mm/rev | HSS-E or carbide | | Tapping | Speed: 8-15 m/min | HSS-E with coating | | Broaching | Speed: 3-8 m/min | HSS or carbide | ### 9.2 Grinding Recommendations - **Wheel Selection**: Al₂O₃ or CBN for hardened material - **Coolant**: High-quality grinding fluid essential - **Dressing**: Frequent for consistent results - **Parameters**: Conservative to avoid grinding burns ## 10. Performance Data & Comparative Analysis ### 10.1 Fatigue Performance Comparison | Material | Bending Fatigue Strength | Rolling Contact Fatigue L₁₀ | Test Conditions | |----------|--------------------------|----------------------------|-----------------| | CBS-223™ | 600-650 MPa | 3.0-3.5×10⁸ cycles | R=-1, polished | | 9310 Steel | 500-550 MPa | 1.5-2.0×10⁸ cycles | Same conditions | | CBS-50™ | 550-600 MPa | 2.5-3.0×10⁸ cycles | Same conditions | | M50-NiL | 450-500 MPa | 2.0-2.5×10⁸ cycles | Same conditions | ### 10.2 Mechanical Property Comparison | Property | CBS-223™ | 9310 VAR | CBS-50™ | Notes | |----------|----------|----------|---------|-------| | Case Hardness | 60-63 HRC | 58-62 HRC | 61-64 HRC | After carburizing | | Core Strength | 1100-1380 MPa | 1000-1240 MPa | 1240-1520 MPa | Ultimate tensile | | Core Toughness | 80-100 J | 60-80 J | 70-90 J | Charpy V-notch | | Case Depth Capability | Up to 3.0+ mm | Up to 2.5 mm | Up to 4.0+ mm | At 50 HRC | | Distortion Tendency | Low | Moderate | Low-Medium | During heat treatment | ### 10.3 Application-Specific Advantages - **Weight Savings Potential**: 10-15% vs. conventional carburizing steels - **Life Extension**: 2-3× longer fatigue life in cyclic applications - **Reliability Improvement**: Reduced scatter in fatigue test data - **Maintenance Interval Extension**: Longer service life between overhauls ## 11. Quality Assurance & Testing ### 11.1 Standard Testing Requirements | Test | Standard | Frequency | Acceptance Criteria | |------|----------|-----------|-------------------| | Chemical Analysis | ASTM E415 | Each heat | Within specified range | | Inclusion Rating | ASTM E45 | Each heat | Plate 1: ≤0.5 | | Macro-Etch Test | ASTM E381 | Each ingot | No significant defects | | Ultrasonic Test | AMS 2301 | 100% material | Class 1 or better | | Hardness Test | ASTM E10 | Each lot | 183-229 HB (annealed) | | Grain Size | ASTM E112 | Each lot | ASTM 5-8 | ### 11.2 Advanced Testing (Optional) - **Bending Fatigue Testing**: Per ISO 12107 - **Rolling Contact Fatigue Testing**: Per ASTM STP 771 - **Fracture Toughness Testing**: Per ASTM E1820 - **Residual Stress Analysis**: X-ray diffraction method - **Microcleanliness**: Automated SEM/EDS inclusion analysis ### 11.3 Certifications & Documentation - **Mill Test Certificates**: EN 10204 3.1/3.2 - **Traceability**: Complete heat-to-shipment tracking - **Process Records**: Full VIM-VAR process documentation - **Industry Certifications**: AS9100, ISO 9001, NADCAP (as applicable) ## 12. Technical Support & Design Guidelines ### 12.1 Design Recommendations - **Minimum Case Depth**: 0.015× part diameter (rule of thumb) - **Fillet Radii**: Minimum R=1.5mm for stress concentration reduction - **Surface Finish**: Ra 0.2-0.4 μm recommended for bearing surfaces - **Hardness Gradient**: Design for smooth transition from case to core ### 12.2 Application Guidelines - **Maximum Operating Temperature**: 150°C continuous (case-hardened condition) - **Lubrication Requirements**: EP-type lubricants recommended for heavily loaded gears - **Surface Treatments**: Shot peening recommended for fatigue-critical applications - **Inspection Requirements**: Regular NDT for critical applications ### 12.3 Failure Prevention - **Proper Heat Treatment**: Critical for optimal properties - **Surface Integrity**: Avoid machining burns and grinding cracks - **Installation Practices**: Correct fit and alignment essential - **Contamination Control**: Critical during manufacturing and assembly --- ## Technical Notice The information contained in this datasheet represents typical values and characteristics of Latrobe CBS-223™ VIM-VAR steel. Actual properties may vary depending on specific processing conditions, heat treatment parameters, and component geometry. For critical applications, consultation with Latrobe technical personnel is strongly recommended. **Safety Precautions**: - Follow standard steel handling and processing safety procedures - Use appropriate PPE during machining and heat treatment - Observe proper material handling protocols - Follow MSDS guidelines for all processing operations **Document Control**: - Document: LAT-CBS223-DS-001 - Revision: 2.0 - Effective Date: [Current Date] - Supersedes: Revision 1.3 **Contact Information**: Latrobe Specialty Metals [Company Address] Technical Services: [Phone Number] Email: [Technical Support Email] Website: [Company Website] --- *CBS-223™ is a trademark of Latrobe Specialty Metals. This information is proprietary and confidential. Reproduction or distribution without written permission is prohibited. Specifications subject to change without notice. For critical applications, consult factory for latest specifications and processing recommendations.* -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Latrobe CBS-223™ VIM-VAR Carburizing Bearing and Gear Steel Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <5325 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Latrobe CBS-223™ VIM-VAR Carburizing Bearing and Gear Steel Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of Latrobe CBS-223™ VIM-VAR Carburizing Bearing and Gear Steel Foil -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers Latrobe CBS-223™ VIM-VAR Carburizing Bearing and Gear Steel Foil -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of Latrobe CBS-223™ VIM-VAR Carburizing Bearing and Gear Steel Foil/Strip -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Foil/Strip drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 1796 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition