AISI 1035 Steel, as cold drawn

AISI 1035 Steel, as cold drawn, 16-22 mm (0.625-0.875 in) round Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1035 Steel, as cold drawn, 16-22 mm (0.625-0.875 in) round Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

AISI 1035 Steel, as cold drawn, 16-22 mm (0.625-0.875 in) round Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **Product Data Sheet: AISI 1035 Steel Round Bar** ## **Condition: Cold Drawn (As-Drawn)** ## **Size Range: 16-22 mm (0.625-0.875 in) Diameter** --- ### **1. Product Overview** This specification covers **cold drawn round bars** of AISI 1035 medium-carbon steel in the diameter range of **16-22 mm (0.625-0.875 inches)** supplied in the **as-drawn condition**. The material undergoes a precision cold drawing process where hot-rolled stock is pulled through a series of dies at room temperature, resulting in **significantly improved dimensional accuracy, superior surface finish, and enhanced mechanical properties** through work hardening. This intermediate size range represents an optimal balance between machinability and strength, making it particularly suitable for precision components, shafts, and fasteners requiring tight tolerances and excellent surface quality without additional heat treatment. --- ### **2. Chemical Composition (% by Weight)** | Element | AISI 1035 Specification | Typical Cold Drawn Stock | Metallurgical Significance for Cold Drawing | |---------|-------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------------------------| | **Carbon (C)** | 0.32 - 0.38 | 0.34 - 0.36 | Provides strength; controlled to prevent excessive work hardening | | **Manganese (Mn)** | 0.60 - 0.90 | 0.70 - 0.85 | Enhances strength; improves hardenability for subsequent heat treatment | | **Phosphorus (P)** | ≤ 0.040 | 0.015 - 0.025 | Kept low to prevent cold brittleness during drawing | | **Sulfur (S)** | ≤ 0.050 | 0.020 - 0.035 | Optimized for machinability; manganese sulfides aid chip breaking | | **Silicon (Si)** | 0.15 - 0.30 | 0.20 - 0.25 | Deoxidizer; improves surface quality and drawing consistency | | **Iron (Fe)** | Balance | Balance | Base metal | *Note: Material selected for cold drawing in this size range typically has chemistry centered in the specification range to ensure uniform drawing behavior and predictable properties.* --- ### **3. Physical & Mechanical Properties (Cold Drawn Condition)** #### **A. Guaranteed Mechanical Properties** *Minimum values per ASTM A108 for cold finished bars* | Property | Imperial Units | Metric Units | Test Standard | |----------|----------------|--------------|---------------| | **Tensile Strength, min** | 85 ksi | 585 MPa | ASTM A370 / ISO 6892-1 | | **Yield Strength (Rp0.2), min** | 65 ksi | 450 MPa | ASTM A370 / ISO 6892-1 | | **Elongation in 2", min** | 15% | 15% | ASTM A370 / ISO 6892-1 | | **Reduction of Area, min** | 35% | 35% | ASTM A370 / ISO 6892-1 | | **Hardness Range** | 190 - 220 HBW | 190 - 220 HBW | ASTM E10 | | **Rockwell Hardness** | B90 - B97 | B90 - B97 | ASTM E18 | #### **B. Typical Mechanical Properties by Diameter** *Note: Smaller diameters show slightly higher strength due to greater cold work percentage* | Diameter | Tensile Strength | Yield Strength | Elongation | Hardness (HBW) | |----------|------------------|----------------|------------|----------------| | **16 mm (0.625")** | 88-94 ksi / 605-650 MPa | 68-74 ksi / 470-510 MPa | 14-18% | 200-215 | | **19 mm (0.75")** | 86-92 ksi / 595-635 MPa | 66-72 ksi / 455-495 MPa | 15-19% | 195-210 | | **22 mm (0.875")** | 84-90 ksi / 580-620 MPa | 64-70 ksi / 440-480 MPa | 16-20% | 190-205 | #### **C. Physical Properties** | Property | Value | Unit | Notes | |----------|-------|------|-------| | **Density** | 7.85 | g/cm³ | Unchanged from hot rolled condition | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 47.5 - 50.5 | W/m·K | Slightly reduced due to work hardening | | **Specific Heat Capacity** | 475 - 485 | J/kg·K | 20°C | | **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 11.5 - 12.0 | ×10⁻⁶/°C | 20-100°C | | **Modulus of Elasticity** | 29,000 ksi / 200 GPa | - | Slight anisotropy may exist | | **Poisson's Ratio** | 0.29 | - | - | | **Electrical Resistivity** | 0.20 - 0.22 | μΩ·m | Increased 5-10% due to cold work | --- ### **4. Processing Characteristics** #### **A. Cold Drawn Condition Attributes** - **Surface Finish:** Bright, smooth finish (free of mill scale) - **Surface Roughness (Ra):** 1.0 - 2.5 μm (40 - 100 μin) typical - **Surface Defects:** Free of seams, laps, and rolling marks - **Decarburization Depth:** ≤ 0.10 mm (significantly less than hot rolled) - **Residual Stress Pattern:** Compressive at surface, tensile in core - **Dimensional Accuracy:** Superior to hot rolled (see tolerances below) #### **B. Machinability** - **Rating:** 45-50% (relative to AISI 1212 steel as 100%) - **Cutting Speeds:** 20-35 m/min (65-115 SFM) with carbide tools - **Feed Rates:** 0.10-0.25 mm/rev (0.004-0.010 in/rev) - **Depth of Cut:** Light to moderate (≤ 2 mm) recommended - **Tool Materials:** Carbide inserts with sharp edges and positive rake - **Coolant Requirement:** Essential for heat dissipation and chip control - **Chip Formation:** Short, broken chips typical due to work hardening - **Surface Finish Capability:** Excellent (Ra 0.8-1.6 μm achievable) #### **C. Weldability** - **Rating:** Poor to Fair (significant precautions required) - **Pre-heat Requirement:** 200-260°C (400-500°F) mandatory - **Post-Weld Heat Treatment:** Full stress relief at 595-650°C required - **Recommended Process:** GTAW or low-hydrogen SMAW - **Filler Metals:** E7018 or equivalent low-hydrogen electrodes - **Cracking Risk:** High due to residual stresses; annealing before welding recommended #### **D. Heat Treatment Response** - **Stress Relief:** 595-650°C (1100-1200°F) for 1 hour; reduces residual stresses with minimal property change - **Annealing:** 830-860°C (1525-1580°F) to completely remove cold work effects - **Normalizing:** 900-925°C (1650-1700°F) to refine grain structure - **Through-Hardening:** Requires annealing first for uniform response - **Surface Hardening:** Excellent for induction hardening (case hardness 55-60 HRC achievable) #### **E. Secondary Forming** - **Cold Bending:** Limited capability; minimum bend radius ≈ 4 × diameter - **Roll Forming:** Possible with proper tooling and annealing - **Thread Rolling:** Excellent due to smooth surface and uniform hardness - **Knurling:** Produces clean, sharp knurls with proper tooling --- ### **5. Microstructural Characteristics** - **Grain Structure:** Elongated ferrite grains in drawing direction - **Pearlite Morphology:** Distorted and elongated pearlite colonies - **Work Hardening:** High dislocation density throughout cross-section - **Texture:** Preferred orientation in drawing direction - **Inclusions:** Elongated in drawing direction (Type II manganese sulfides) - **Surface Integrity:** Virtually decarb-free with minimal surface defects --- ### **6. Product Applications** #### **Precision Machinery Components** - **Shafts & Axles:** Motor shafts, gear shafts, spindle stock - **Guide Components:** Linear guide rods, precision pins, locator pins - **Fastener Stock:** High-strength bolts (Grade 8.8 equivalent), precision studs - **Hydraulic/Pneumatic:** Piston rods, valve stems, cylinder rods #### **Automotive Components** - **Steering & Suspension:** Tie rods, ball studs, pivot pins - **Drivetrain:** Transmission shafts, axle shafts (light-medium duty) - **Engine Components:** Valve tappets, push rods, camshaft blanks - **Fasteners:** Wheel studs, U-bolts, suspension bolts #### **Tooling & Manufacturing** - **Die & Mold Components:** Ejector pins, leader pins, core pins - **Machine Tool Elements:** Tool holders, collets, mandrels - **Inspection Equipment:** Gage pins, plug gages, arbors - **Jigs & Fixtures:** Drill bushings, locating pins, wear strips #### **Industrial Equipment** - **Material Handling:** Conveyor rollers, guide rails, shafting - **Pump & Compressor:** Shafts, impeller hubs, valve components - **Textile Machinery:** Spindle shafts, roller shafts, guide elements #### **Consumer & Commercial Products** - **Hardware:** High-quality hinge pins, axles, pivots - **Sporting Goods:** Bicycle components, exercise equipment shafts - **Office Equipment:** Printer shafts, roller assemblies - **Agricultural:** Implement pins, linkage components --- ### **7. International Standards Compliance** | Standard System | Standard Number | Grade Designation | Condition Specification | |-----------------|----------------|-------------------|-------------------------| | **AISI/SAE** | - | 1035 | Cold Drawn | | **ASTM** | A108 | Grade 1035 | Standard for cold finished carbon steel bars | | **ASTM** | A29/A29M | Grade 1035 | Cold Drawn (specify condition) | | **UNS** | - | G10350 | - | | **ISO** | 683-18 | Type 1.0535 | Cold worked (C) condition | | **EN** | 10083-2 | C35 (1.0501) | +C (Cold formed) | | **DIN** | 17200 | C35 | Kaltgezogen (cold drawn) | | **JIS** | G3123 | S35C-D | Cold drawn (D suffix) | | **BS** | 970-1 | 060A35 | Condition CD (Cold Drawn) | | **GB** | GB/T 3078 | 35 | Cold drawn precision | | **AS/NZS** | 3678 | 350-CF | Cold finished | --- ### **8. Dimensional Specifications & Tolerances** #### **Standard Tolerance Classes (ISO 286-2):** | Diameter | h11 (Commercial) | h9 (Precision) | h8 (High Precision) | |----------|------------------|----------------|---------------------| | **16 mm** | ±0.110 mm | ±0.043 mm | ±0.027 mm | | **19 mm** | ±0.130 mm | ±0.052 mm | ±0.033 mm | | **22 mm** | ±0.130 mm | ±0.052 mm | ±0.033 mm | #### **Geometric Tolerances:** - **Out-of-Roundness:** ≤ 50% of diameter tolerance - **Straightness:** ≤ 0.5 mm per meter (standard); ≤ 0.2 mm per meter (precision) - **Length Tolerance:** Standard 3-6 meter lengths ±50 mm; cut-to-length ±1.0 mm - **End Condition:** Squareness ≤ 0.5°; chamfer 0.1-0.5 mm × 45° standard #### **Surface Quality Specifications:** - **Surface Roughness:** Ra ≤ 2.5 μm standard; Ra ≤ 1.0 μm available - **Visual Standards:** Bright metallic finish, free of discoloration - **Cleanliness:** Degreased finish available; standard has light drawing oil --- ### **9. Quality Assurance & Testing** #### **Standard Testing Protocol:** 1. **Chemical Analysis:** Spectrographic method (per heat/lot) 2. **Tensile Test:** One test per heat, longitudinal direction 3. **Hardness Test:** Surface and core Brinell or Rockwell 4. **Dimensional Verification:** 100% inspection for precision grades 5. **Surface Inspection:** Visual and tactile examination #### **Optional Testing Services:** - Microstructure examination (grain size, decarb depth) - Non-destructive testing (eddy current, ultrasonic) - Mechanical testing in transverse direction - Residual stress measurement - Straightness verification with laser scanning #### **Certification & Documentation:** - **EN 10204 3.1:** Mill Test Certificate with test results - **EN 10204 3.2:** Inspection Certificate with third-party verification - **Material Traceability:** Full heat number traceability - **Process Certification:** Drawing process parameters on request --- ### **10. Packaging & Identification** #### **Standard Packaging:** - **Individual Protection:** VCI (Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor) paper wrapping - **End Protection:** Plastic caps for precision bars - **Bundling:** Plastic strapping with corner protectors - **Unit Quantities:** Typically 500-2000 kg bundles - **Export Packaging:** Wooden crates with moisture barrier #### **Marking & Identification:** - **Direct Marking:** Heat number, grade, size stamped at 1-meter intervals - **Color Coding:** Optional end painting per customer specification - **Labels:** Water-resistant labels with full product information - **Barcode:** Traceability barcodes available --- ### **11. Technical Considerations for Design & Manufacturing** #### **Design Guidelines:** - **Fatigue Strength:** ~270-300 MPa (R=-1, 10⁷ cycles, polished) - **Endurance Limit:** 50-55% of tensile strength - **Shear Strength:** ~65% of tensile strength - **Stress Concentrations:** More sensitive than hot rolled; use generous fillets (R ≥ 0.5 mm) - **Thread Strength:** Excellent for rolled threads due to work hardened surface #### **Machining Recommendations:** 1. **Stress Relief:** Consider before heavy machining to prevent distortion 2. **Tool Selection:** Use sharp, positive rake tools to minimize work hardening 3. **Cutting Parameters:** Conservative speeds and feeds to manage hardness 4. **Coolant:** High-pressure coolant for chip evacuation and heat control 5. **Threading:** Roll threading preferred over cut threading #### **Comparison with Hot Rolled 1035:** | Characteristic | Cold Drawn 1035 (16-22mm) | Hot Rolled 1035 (16-22mm) | |----------------|---------------------------|---------------------------| | **Surface Finish** | Ra 1.0-2.5 μm (bright) | Ra 12.5-25 μm (mill scale) | | **Tensile Strength** | 85-95 ksi (585-655 MPa) | 70-80 ksi (485-550 MPa) | | **Dimensional Tolerance** | h9/h11 (±0.04-0.13 mm) | Commercial (±0.4-0.5 mm) | | **Straightness** | ≤ 0.5 mm/m | ≤ 1.0 mm/m | | **Cost Premium** | 15-25% | Base price | | **Lead Time** | Longer (additional processing) | Standard | --- ### **12. Storage, Handling & Safety** #### **Storage Requirements:** - Indoor, dry storage with temperature control - Keep in original protective packaging until use - Stack on flat surfaces with uniform support - Maintain first-in-first-out inventory rotation - Relative humidity < 60% recommended #### **Handling Precautions:** - Use clean gloves or handling tools to prevent corrosion - Avoid dragging bars across each other - Use nylon slings or padded hooks for lifting - Support full length during handling to prevent permanent bending - Protect precision surfaces from impact damage #### **Safety Information:** - **Material Safety:** Non-hazardous solid metal - **Machining Precautions:** Use proper ventilation for dust control - **Sharp Edges:** Cut ends may have burrs; deburring recommended - **Fire Safety:** Non-combustible material - **Disposal:** Fully recyclable as ferrous scrap --- **Disclaimer:** The properties and characteristics described are typical for cold drawn AISI 1035 steel in the specified size range. Actual properties may vary within standard specification limits. Due to residual stresses inherent in cold drawn products, dimensional changes may occur during machining or subsequent heat treatment. Users should conduct appropriate testing to verify suitability for specific applications. Consultation with technical experts is recommended for critical applications. **Revision:** 2.1 **Effective Date:** December 2024 **Document Control:** DS-1035-CD-16-22-EN **Supersedes:** Revision 2.0 (August 2024) -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1035 Steel, as cold drawn, 16-22 mm (0.625-0.875 in) round Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <6046 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1035 Steel, as cold drawn, 16-22 mm (0.625-0.875 in) round Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of AISI 1035 Steel, as cold drawn, 16-22 mm (0.625-0.875 in) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers AISI 1035 Steel, as cold drawn, 16-22 mm (0.625-0.875 in) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of AISI 1035 Steel, as cold drawn, 16-22 mm (0.625-0.875 in) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 2517 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition