3D Systems,LaserForm® Maraging Steel Wire (B), AS BUILT

3D Systems LaserForm® Maraging Steel Wire (B), AS BUILT Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: 3D Systems LaserForm® Maraging Steel Wire (B), AS BUILT Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

3D Systems LaserForm® Maraging Steel (B), AS BUILT Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **3D Systems LaserForm® Maraging Steel (B), AS BUILT** ## **Product Overview** **3D Systems LaserForm® Maraging Steel (B), AS BUILT** is a premium-grade, low-carbon, iron-nickel martensitic steel specifically engineered for Direct Metal Printing (DMP) technology, designed to deliver exceptional mechanical properties directly from the build platform **without mandatory post-build heat treatment**. This maraging steel variant is characterized by its unique capability to achieve high strength and good toughness in the as-built condition, while retaining the capacity for further strengthening through optional aging treatments. The "(B)" designation indicates a proprietary chemistry optimization for superior as-built performance, making it ideal for rapid prototyping, tooling applications, and functional components requiring immediate serviceability. --- ## **TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS** ### **Manufacturing & Processing Specification** | Parameter | Specification | |-----------|---------------| | **Primary Process** | Direct Metal Printing (DMP) / Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) | | **Post-Process Condition** | **As Built** (no mandatory heat treatment) | | **Optional Treatments** | Stress Relief, Aging (H900 equivalent), HIP | | **Compatible Systems** | 3D Systems ProX DMP Series, DMP Factory Series | | **Build Volume** | Up to 500 × 500 × 500 mm (system dependent) | | **Optimal Layer Thickness** | 30-40 μm | | **Atmosphere Control** | High-purity argon (< 50 ppm O₂) | | **Build Plate Temperature** | 80-120°C (optimized for maraging steel) | | **Build Strategy** | Island scanning with rotation recommended | ### **Material Composition (wt%, Powder Specification)** | Element | Target Range | Metallurgical Function in As-Built Condition | |---------|--------------|-----------------------------------| | **Nickel (Ni)** | 17.0-19.0 | Primary martensite formation, solid solution strengthening | | **Cobalt (Co)** | 8.0-9.5 | Reduces martensite transformation temperature, promotes precipitation | | **Molybdenum (Mo)** | 4.5-5.5 | Primary precipitation hardening element | | **Titanium (Ti)** | 0.6-1.0 | Secondary precipitation hardening, grain refinement | | **Aluminum (Al)** | 0.05-0.15 | Deoxidizer, precipitation hardening | | **Carbon (C)** | ≤ 0.015 | **Ultra-low for toughness and processability** | | **Manganese (Mn)** | ≤ 0.10 | Impurity control | | **Silicon (Si)** | ≤ 0.10 | Impurity control | | **Chromium (Cr)** | ≤ 0.25 | Impurity control (intentionally minimized) | | **Copper (Cu)** | ≤ 0.10 | Impurity control | | **Phosphorus (P)** | ≤ 0.008 | Impurity control (enhanced purity) | | **Sulfur (S)** | ≤ 0.005 | Impurity control (enhanced purity) | | **Boron (B)** | ≤ 0.003 | Trace element for hardenability | | **Zirconium (Zr)** | ≤ 0.01 | Optional grain refiner | | **Iron (Fe)** | Balance | Matrix | *Proprietary composition optimized for in-situ aging during the DMP thermal cycle* --- ## **AS-BUILT MECHANICAL PROPERTIES** ### **Tensile Properties (ASTM E8/E8M, Room Temperature)** | Orientation | Ultimate Tensile Strength | Yield Strength (0.2%) | Elongation | Reduction of Area | |-------------|---------------------------|-----------------------|------------|-------------------| | **Horizontal (XY)** | 1150-1250 MPa | 1050-1150 MPa | 8-12% | 35-45% | | **Vertical (Z)** | 1100-1200 MPa | 1000-1100 MPa | 7-11% | 30-40% | | **45° Diagonal** | 1120-1220 MPa | 1020-1120 MPa | 7.5-11.5% | 32-42% | *Note: Properties represent typical values from standard build parameters* ### **Comprehensive Mechanical Properties (As-Built)** | Property | As-Built Condition | Test Standard | Notes | |----------|---------------------|---------------|-------| | **Hardness** | 38-42 HRC | ASTM E18 | Uniform throughout part | | **Impact Toughness** | 20-30 J | ASTM E23 | Charpy V-notch, 22°C | | **Fatigue Strength** | 450-500 MPa | ASTM E466 | R = -1, 10⁷ cycles | | **Young's Modulus** | 185-195 GPa | ASTM E111 | | | **Shear Strength** | 750-850 MPa | ASTM B831 | | | **Compressive Strength** | 1400-1550 MPa | ASTM E9 | Excellent compressive properties | | **Bearing Strength** | 1800-2000 MPa | ASTM E238 | | | **Fracture Toughness (KIC)** | 60-80 MPa√m | ASTM E399 | As-built condition | | **Fatigue Crack Growth Rate** | da/dN = 3-5×10⁻⁸ m/cycle (ΔK=20 MPa√m) | ASTM E647 | | ### **Anisotropy Characteristics** - **Tensile Strength Anisotropy:** < 8% between orientations - **Yield Strength Anisotropy:** < 10% between orientations - **Ductility Anisotropy:** < 25% between orientations - **Primary Cause:** Columnar grain structure along build direction --- ## **PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (As-Built)** | Property | Value | Conditions/Notes | |----------|-------|------------------| | **Density** | 8.10-8.20 g/cm³ | > 99.5% dense per ASTM B962 | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 20.0 W/m·K | 20°C | | **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 10.5 × 10⁻⁶/K | 20-200°C | | **Specific Heat Capacity** | 460 J/kg·K | 20°C | | **Electrical Resistivity** | 0.70 μΩ·m | 20°C | | **Magnetic Permeability** | Ferromagnetic | Martensitic structure | | **Melting Range** | 1410-1450°C | Solidus-Liquidus | | **Density (Relative)** | 98.5-99.0% of wrought | Typical for as-built AM parts | --- ## **MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS (As-Built)** ### **As-Built Microstructure** - **Matrix Phase:** Lath martensite with high dislocation density - **Grain Structure:** Columnar prior austenite grains along build direction (100-500 μm length) - **Cell Structure:** Fine solidification cells (0.5-2.0 μm) within grains - **Precipitate Distribution:** Nano-scale precipitates (Mo, Ti-rich) from in-situ aging - **Texture:** Strong <100> fiber texture parallel to build direction - **Residual Austenite:** < 3% (typically 1-2%) - **Porosity:** < 0.2% (mainly spherical gas pores < 50 μm) ### **Unique As-Built Features** 1. **In-Situ Aging:** Repeated thermal cycling during DMP creates preliminary precipitation 2. **Microsegregation:** Minimal due to rapid solidification and optimized chemistry 3. **Dislocation Network:** High density from thermal stresses and martensitic transformation 4. **Surface Condition:** Typical as-built roughness Ra 6-12 μm --- ## **OPTIONAL POST-PROCESSING HEAT TREATMENTS** ### **Stress Relief Only** - **Temperature:** 480°C ± 10°C (896°F) for 2-4 hours - **Effect:** Reduces residual stress by 70-80%, minimal effect on hardness - **Resulting Hardness:** 36-40 HRC ### **Full Aging Treatment (Optional)** - **Aging Temperature:** 480°C ± 5°C (896°F) for 3-6 hours - **Resulting Properties:** UTS 1950-2050 MPa, YS 1850-1950 MPa, 5-8% elongation - **Hardness:** 50-54 HRC - **Note:** Requires solution treatment at 820°C (1508°F) prior to aging for optimal results ### **Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP)** - **Parameters:** 1150°C (2102°F) at 100 MPa for 2-4 hours - **Benefits:** Eliminates internal porosity, homogenizes microstructure - **Considerations:** May reduce strength slightly, improves ductility and fatigue --- ## **DESIGN FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING** ### **Geometric Guidelines for As-Built Condition** | Parameter | Recommendation | Rationale | |-----------|----------------|-----------| | **Minimum Wall Thickness** | 0.6 mm (unsupported), 0.5 mm (supported) | Maintains structural integrity | | **Minimum Feature Size** | 0.3 mm | Achievable with 30 μm layers | | **Unsupported Overhang** | 40° minimum | Reduces support requirements | | **Support Structures** | Required below 40°, optimized block supports | Consider high strength for removal | | **Hole Diameter** | 1.0 mm (through), 1.2 mm (blind) | For powder removal | | **Internal Channels** | Minimum 3 mm diameter with access ports | Powder removal considerations | | **Maximum Bridge Length** | 15 mm (unsupported) | For as-built condition | | **Sharp Corners** | Minimum radius R1.0 mm | Reduces stress concentration | ### **Build Strategy Optimization** - **Orientation:** Critical surfaces in XY plane for best accuracy - **Scan Strategy:** 67° rotation between layers recommended - **Thermal Management:** Avoid isolated massive sections (>50 mm cube) - **Support Design:** Consider as-built strength during removal planning --- ## **PRIMARY APPLICATIONS** ### **Tooling & Molding Applications** - **Injection Mold Inserts:** High-strength cores and cavities for engineering plastics - **Die Casting Tooling:** Cores, pins, ejectors requiring immediate use - **Stamping & Forming Dies:** Punches, dies for sheet metal forming - **Extrusion Tooling:** Dies for aluminum, copper, and steel extrusion - **Composite Tooling:** Molds for carbon fiber, fiberglass components ### **Aerospace & Defense** - **Prototype Components:** Flight test hardware, proof-of-concept parts - **Tooling for Aerospace:** Assembly fixtures, drilling jigs, holding fixtures - **Unmanned Systems:** UAV structural components, brackets, mounts - **Ground Support Equipment:** Specialized tools and fixtures ### **Automotive & Motorsports** - **Prototype Tooling:** Forming dies, trim tools for prototype vehicles - **Race Car Components:** Brackets, mounts, suspension components - **Test Fixtures:** Durability testing equipment, rig components - **Specialty Tools:** Custom tools for assembly and maintenance ### **Industrial Equipment** - **Wear Components:** Guides, bushings, wear plates in as-built condition - **Machine Components:** Gears, shafts, brackets requiring immediate use - **Material Handling:** Grippers, end-effectors for robotics - **Test & Measurement:** Fixtures, holders, calibration tools ### **Medical & Dental (Non-Implant)** - **Surgical Tool Prototypes:** Trial instruments, custom tool development - **Dental Tooling:** Crown/bridge fabrication tools, orthodontic appliances - **Medical Device Prototypes:** Housing, brackets, mechanical components - **Laboratory Equipment:** Custom fixtures, holders, tooling --- ## **POST-PROCESSING & FINISHING (As-Built)** ### **Machining Considerations** - **Tool Material:** Carbide or CBN recommended - **Cutting Speed:** 35-50 m/min (turning) - **Feed Rate:** 0.10-0.25 mm/rev - **Depth of Cut:** 0.5-2.0 mm (light to moderate) - **Coolant:** Required for heat dissipation and tool life - **Chip Formation:** Short, broken chips typical ### **Surface Treatments** - **Grinding:** Achieves Ra < 0.8 μm with proper technique - **Polishing:** Mirror finish (Ra < 0.1 μm) achievable with progression - **Electropolishing:** Limited effectiveness due to low chromium content - **Shot Peening:** Almen 0.008-0.012A for fatigue improvement - **Coating:** Excellent substrate for DLC, TiN, and other PVD coatings ### **Joining Technologies** - **Welding:** Possible with proper procedure (post-weld aging recommended) - **Adhesive Bonding:** Good with proper surface preparation - **Mechanical Fastening:** Standard practices applicable - **Brazing:** Suitable with nickel-based brazing alloys --- ## **QUALITY STANDARDS & CERTIFICATIONS** | Standard | Applicability | Compliance Status | |----------|---------------|-------------------| | **ASTM F3605** | Maraging Steel for Additive Manufacturing | Chemistry compliant | | **AMS 6514** | Maraging Steel, 18Ni (200 Grade) | Similar composition | | **ASTM A538** | Precipitation Hardening Steel | Property equivalent | | **ISO/ASTM 52904** | Additive Manufacturing - Process Characteristics | Compliant | | **ISO 9001:2015** | Quality Management System | Certified | | **Customer-Specific** | Application-specific requirements | Test data available | ### **Testing & Documentation** - **Chemical Analysis:** Full elemental analysis per ASTM E1479 - **Mechanical Testing:** Tensile, hardness, impact per applicable ASTM standards - **Microstructural Analysis:** Grain size, porosity, phase identification - **Non-Destructive Testing:** Dye penetrant, X-ray available - **Certification:** Material test report with build parameters --- ## **COMPARISON WITH TRADITIONAL MARAGING STEEL** | Property | LaserForm® Maraging (B) As-Built | Wrought 18Ni(300) Annealed | Wrought 18Ni(300) Aged | |----------|----------------------------------|---------------------------|------------------------| | **UTS (MPa)** | 1150-1250 | 1000-1100 | 2000-2100 | | **YS (MPa)** | 1050-1150 | 800-900 | 1900-2000 | | **Elongation (%)** | 8-12 | 10-15 | 5-8 | | **Hardness (HRC)** | 38-42 | 28-32 | 52-54 | | **Impact Toughness (J)** | 20-30 | 40-60 | 15-25 | | **Primary Advantage** | Immediate use capability | Excellent machinability | Maximum strength | --- ## **STORAGE & HANDLING** ### **Powder Management** - **Storage Life:** 18 months in original argon-purged packaging - **Storage Conditions:** < 40% relative humidity, 15-30°C - **Handling:** Inert atmosphere recommended for extended exposure - **Safety:** NFPA 484 combustible metals standard compliance ### **Finished Parts Storage** - **Corrosion Protection:** Light oil or VCI packaging recommended - **Long-term Storage:** Desiccant in sealed containers - **Handling:** Standard steel handling precautions apply --- ## **TECHNICAL SUPPORT SERVICES** - **Build Parameter Optimization:** Custom parameters for specific applications - **Design for As-Built Condition:** DFAM consultation services - **Application Testing:** Mechanical and functional testing - **Failure Analysis:** Metallurgical investigation services - **Training:** Operator and engineer training programs --- ## **ORDERING INFORMATION** | Item | Specification | |------|---------------| | **Standard Packaging** | 5 kg, 10 kg, 20 kg argon-sealed containers | | **Lead Time** | 2-6 weeks (depending on quantity) | | **Documentation** | Certificate of Analysis, MSDS, As-Built Property Sheet | | **Custom Testing** | Available for specific application requirements | --- **3D Systems Corporation** *Precision Metal Additive Manufacturing Solutions* [www.3dsystems.com](https://www.3dsystems.com) Phone: +1-803-326-3900 Email: materials@3dsystems.com --- **KEY ADVANTAGE STATEMENT:** LaserForm® Maraging Steel (B) in As-Built condition provides **immediate serviceability** with high strength and good toughness directly from the build platform, eliminating the lead time and cost associated with mandatory heat treatments while maintaining the option for subsequent aging to achieve even higher strength levels when required. **DISCLAIMER:** The data provided represents typical values obtained from standardized test specimens manufactured under controlled conditions. Actual performance in production applications may vary based on specific geometry, build parameters, and service conditions. For critical applications, comprehensive application-specific testing is mandatory. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Always consult the most current technical data sheets before design and production. © 2024 3D Systems Corporation. All rights reserved. LaserForm is a registered trademark of 3D Systems Corporation. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: 3D Systems LaserForm® Maraging Steel (B), AS BUILT Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <7224 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: 3D Systems LaserForm® Maraging Steel (B), AS BUILT Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of 3D Systems LaserForm® Maraging Steel Wire (B), AS BUILT -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers 3D Systems LaserForm® Maraging Steel Wire (B), AS BUILT -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of 3D Systems LaserForm® Maraging Steel Wire (B), AS BUILT -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Wire drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 3695 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition