PSM Industries,PM Krupp D-2 Powder Metallurgy Steel Tube,Pipe Alloy

PSM Industries PM Krupp D-2 Powder Metallurgy Steel Tube Alloy Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: PSM Industries PM Krupp D-2 Powder Metallurgy Steel Tube Alloy Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

PSM Industries PM Krupp D-2 Powder Metallurgy Steel Alloy Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **PSM Industries PM Krupp D-2 | Premium Powder Metallurgy High-Chromium Cold Work Tool Steel** ## **Overview** PSM Industries' PM Krupp D-2 represents the pinnacle of powder metallurgy (PM) manufacturing for high-chromium, high-carbon cold work tool steel applications. Building upon the renowned performance of conventional D2 tool steel, this advanced PM version delivers transformative improvements in carbide uniformity, toughness, and dimensional stability through state-of-the-art argon atomization and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technology. The PM process fundamentally eliminates the carbide segregation, banding, and large primary carbides inherent in conventionally cast D2 steel, resulting in isotropic mechanical properties, exceptional wear resistance, and superior performance predictability. PM Krupp D-2 is engineered for the most demanding precision tooling applications where consistent performance, extended service life, and reliability are paramount. ## **Key Features:** - **Ultra-Homogeneous Microstructure:** Complete elimination of carbide banding and segregation through PM processing - **Refined Carbide Structure:** Extremely fine, uniformly distributed chromium-rich M₇C₃ and vanadium carbides (2-5 μm) - **Exceptional Isotropy:** Identical mechanical properties in longitudinal and transverse directions - **Superior Toughness:** 20-40% higher transverse rupture strength compared to conventional D2 - **Enhanced Grindability:** Reduced grinding forces and improved surface finishes - **Minimal Distortion:** Superior dimensional stability during heat treatment - **Increased Purity:** Significantly reduced non-metallic inclusions (oxide/sulfide) - **Consistent Performance:** Lot-to-lot uniformity ensures predictable tool life - **Improved Polishability:** Capable of achieving mirror finishes (≤ 0.01 μm Ra) --- ## **Material Specifications: PM Krupp D-2** ### **1. Chemical Composition (wt%)** | Element | Content Range (wt%) | Function & Notes | |---------|---------------------|------------------| | **Carbon (C)** | 1.50 - 1.60% | Critical for carbide formation and matrix hardness | | **Chromium (Cr)** | 11.00 - 12.00% | Primary carbide former (M₇C₃), provides corrosion resistance | | **Molybdenum (Mo)** | 0.70 - 0.90% | Enhances hardenability and secondary hardening | | **Vanadium (V)** | 0.80 - 1.00% | Forms hard MC carbides for additional wear resistance | | **Silicon (Si)** | 0.20 - 0.40% | Deoxidizer and solid solution strengthener | | **Manganese (Mn)** | 0.20 - 0.40% | Improves hardenability and strength | | **Sulfur (S)** | ≤ 0.010% | Minimized for improved transverse properties | | **Phosphorus (P)** | ≤ 0.020% | Minimized for enhanced toughness | | **Iron (Fe)** | Balance | Matrix | **Key PM Advantages in Composition Control:** - **Tighter Compositional Tolerances:** ±0.03% for critical elements vs. ±0.10% in conventional - **Reduced Micro-segregation:** No dendritic patterns or centerline defects - **Controlled Carbide Chemistry:** Precise stoichiometry of complex carbides ### **2. Physical & Mechanical Properties** #### **Physical Properties:** | Property | Typical Value | Test Standard | |----------|---------------|----------------| | **Density** | 7.65 g/cm³ | ASTM B311 | | **Melting Range** | 1370-1420°C | - | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 20 W/m·K @ 20°C | ASTM E1461 | | **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 10.5 × 10⁻⁶/K (20-200°C) | ASTM E228 | | | 11.2 × 10⁻⁶/K (20-400°C) | | | **Modulus of Elasticity** | 210 GPa | ASTM E111 | | **Specific Heat Capacity** | 460 J/kg·K @ 20°C | ASTM E1269 | #### **Mechanical Properties (Hardened & Double Tempered):** | Tempering Temperature | Hardness (HRC) | Transverse Rupture Strength (MPa) | Impact Toughness (Charpy, J) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |----------------------|----------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------|----------------------------| | **180°C** | 60-62 | 2,800-3,200 | 8-12 | 2,600-3,000 | | **200°C** | 59-61 | 3,000-3,400 | 10-14 | 2,500-2,900 | | **520°C** | 58-60 | 3,200-3,600 | 12-16 | 2,400-2,800 | #### **Comparative Performance vs. Conventional D2:** | Property | PM Krupp D-2 | Conventional D2 | Improvement | |----------|--------------|-----------------|-------------| | **Carbide Size** | 2-5 μm | 10-50 μm | 70-90% reduction | | **Transverse Toughness** | 100% (Reference) | 60-70% | 40-50% improvement | | **Fatigue Life** | 100% (Reference) | 50-60% | 60-80% improvement | | **Wear Resistance** | 100% (Reference) | 85-90% | 10-15% improvement | | **Grinding Ratio** | 100% (Reference) | 60-70% | 40-50% improvement | #### **High-Temperature Properties:** | Temperature | Hardness (HRC) | Retained Hardness (% of RT) | Hot Yield Strength (MPa) | |-------------|----------------|------------------------------|--------------------------| | **200°C** | 58-60 | 95-98% | 1,800-2,000 | | **300°C** | 55-57 | 90-93% | 1,400-1,600 | | **400°C** | 50-52 | 80-85% | 1,000-1,200 | | **500°C** | 42-45 | 65-70% | 600-800 | ### **3. Microstructural Characteristics** - **Carbide Volume Fraction:** 12-15% - **Average Carbide Size:** 2-5 μm (100% ≤ 8 μm) - **Carbide Types:** M₇C₃ (Chromium-rich), MC (Vanadium-rich) - **Carbide Distribution:** Uniform, non-directional - **Prior Particle Boundaries:** Eliminated through HIP processing - **Grain Size:** ASTM 10-11 - **Inclusion Rating:** ASTM E45: A ≤ 0.5, B ≤ 0.5, C ≤ 0.5, D ≤ 0.5 - **Microcleanliness:** Per ASTM F45: ≤ 0.5% area fraction non-metallic inclusions ### **4. Applicable & Reference Standards** - **ISO 4957:** Cold work tool steels (Grade X153CrMoV12) - **ASTM A681:** Standard Specification for Tool Steels Alloy (Grade D2) - **DIN 1.2379:** German standard for high-chromium cold work steel - **JIS G4404:** Alloy tool steels (Grade SKD11) - **AMS 6490:** Aerospace Material Specification - **UNS T30402:** Unified Numbering System - **GB/T 1299:** Chinese standard (Grade Cr12Mo1V1) - **Customer-Specific Specifications:** Widely adopted in precision tooling industries --- ## **Heat Treatment Guidelines** ### **Annealing:** - **Temperature:** 850-870°C (1560-1600°F) - **Soak Time:** 2-4 hours - **Cooling Rate:** 10-20°C/hour to 600°C, then furnace cool - **Resulting Hardness:** 200-220 HB - **Microstructure:** Spheroidized carbides in ferritic matrix ### **Stress Relieving:** - **After Rough Machining:** 600-650°C (1110-1200°F), 2 hours minimum - **After EDM:** 150-200°C (300-400°F) below final temper, 2-4 hours ### **Hardening:** 1. **Preheating Stages:** - First Stage: 450-500°C (840-930°F) - Second Stage: 800-850°C (1470-1560°F) 2. **Austenitizing:** - **Temperature:** 1020-1050°C (1870-1920°F) - **Soak Time:** 20-40 minutes (vacuum), shorter for salt bath - **Atmosphere:** Vacuum, neutral salt, or controlled atmosphere 3. **Quenching Options:** - **Gas Quench:** 4-6 bar nitrogen/argon (preferred for minimal distortion) - **Oil Quench:** Fast oil at 40-60°C - **Marquenching:** 400-500°C salt bath, then air cool ### **Tempering:** - **Minimum:** Double tempering required - **Temperature Range:** 180-550°C (360-1020°F) - **Time:** 90-120 minutes per temper (minimum 2 hours total) - **Cooling:** Air cool to room temperature between tempers - **Cryogenic Treatment:** Optional between tempers (-80°C to -196°C) ### **Surface Hardening:** - **Nitriding:** 480-520°C for 10-40 hours, case depth 0.1-0.3 mm, hardness 900-1200 HV - **PVD Coating:** TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, AlCrN (excellent adhesion due to fine microstructure) --- ## **Machining & Grinding** ### **Machining (Annealed Condition):** - **Hardness:** 200-220 HB (good machinability) - **Cutting Tools:** Carbide tools recommended - **Turning Parameters:** - Speed: 60-80 m/min - Feed: 0.15-0.25 mm/rev - Depth of Cut: 2-4 mm - **Milling Parameters:** - Speed: 80-100 m/min - Feed per Tooth: 0.08-0.15 mm - **Drilling Parameters:** - Speed: 15-20 m/min - Feed: 0.10-0.15 mm/rev ### **Grinding (Hardened Condition):** - **Wheel Selection:** - Aluminum Oxide (A): 46-60 J-K - CBN: 80-120 concentration, ceramic bond - **Parameters:** - Speed: 25-30 m/s - Feed: 0.005-0.02 mm/pass - Cross-feed: 1-3 mm/pass - **Coolant:** Essential – high volume, directed at grinding zone ### **Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM):** - **Excellent Suitability:** Fine microstructure enables superior EDM performance - **Wire EDM:** 0.1-0.3 mm wire, multiple skim cuts for best finish - **Sinker EDM:** Graphite electrodes, fine finish settings - **White Layer:** Typically 5-15 μm (vs. 20-40 μm in conventional D2) - **Post-EDM Treatment:** Stress relieve at 150-200°C below final temper ### **Polishing:** - **Capable of:** Mirror finishes ≤ 0.01 μm Ra - **Progression:** 220 → 400 → 600 → 800 → 1200 grit, then diamond compound - **Final Polish:** 1 μm diamond compound for optical quality --- ## **Product Applications** ### **Precision Metal Stamping & Blanking:** - **Progressive Dies:** Punches, dies, strippers for high-volume production - **Fineblanking Tools:** Rings, punches, ejectors for precision components - **Lamination Dies:** For electrical steel and motor components - **Precision Piercing Punches:** For small holes and intricate shapes ### **Cold Forming & Heading:** - **Cold Heading Dies:** For bolts, screws, and fasteners - **Extrusion Tools:** Forward and backward extrusion punches and dies - **Thread Rolling Dies:** For high-precision thread forming - **Swaging Dies:** For reduction and shaping operations ### **Plastics & Rubber Molding:** - **Injection Molds:** Cavities, cores, inserts for engineering plastics - **Compression Molds:** For rubber and composite materials - **Extrusion Dies:** For profile extrusion of plastics - **Hot Runner Components:** Nozzles, manifolds, gate inserts ### **Specialty Tooling:** - **Gages & Fixtures:** Precision measuring and holding tools - **Knives & Blades:** Industrial cutting and slitting blades - **Wear Parts:** Guides, bushings, wear plates - **Machine Components:** Precision parts requiring wear resistance ### **Industry-Specific Applications:** - **Automotive:** Transmission components, fuel injection parts - **Electronics:** Connector molds, semiconductor tooling - **Medical:** Surgical instrument molds, implant tooling - **Aerospace:** Structural component tooling --- ## **Quality Assurance** ### **Testing Protocol:** 1. **Chemical Analysis:** Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) 2. **Hardness Testing:** Brinell, Rockwell, microhardness mapping 3. **Microstructural Analysis:** - Carbide size distribution (image analysis) - Inclusion rating per ASTM E45 - Grain size measurement 4. **Non-Destructive Testing:** - Ultrasonic testing for internal defects - Dye penetrant for surface defects 5. **Mechanical Testing:** (When specified) - Transverse rupture strength - Impact toughness - Fatigue testing ### **Certification:** - **Material Certificate 3.1** per EN 10204 - **Heat Treatment Certificate** with full cycle documentation - **Ultrasonic Test Report** for critical applications - **Micrographic Analysis** with inclusion rating ### **Traceability:** - Full heat/lot traceability - Complete processing history - Chemical analysis certificate - Heat treatment records --- ## **Comparative Advantages** ### **Technical Advantages over Conventional D2:** | Aspect | Benefit | Impact | |--------|---------|--------| | **Isotropic Properties** | Equal properties in all directions | Eliminates directional weaknesses | | **Fine Carbides** | 2-5 μm vs. 10-50 μm | Better polishability, sharper edges | | **No Carbide Banding** | Uniform carbide distribution | Consistent wear patterns | | **Higher Toughness** | 20-40% improvement | Reduced chipping and breakage | | **Better Grindability** | 40-50% improved grinding ratio | Lower finishing costs | ### **Economic Benefits:** - **Extended Tool Life:** Typically 30-50% longer service life - **Reduced Downtime:** More predictable performance, fewer tool changes - **Higher Quality Parts:** Better surface finishes, tighter tolerances - **Lower Total Cost:** Despite higher initial cost, lower cost per part produced - **Reduced Scrap:** More consistent performance reduces part rejection --- ## **Technical Support Services** PSM Industries provides comprehensive support: - **Application Engineering:** Material selection and design optimization - **Heat Treatment Development:** Customized cycles for specific applications - **Failure Analysis:** Root cause determination and corrective actions - **Field Performance Monitoring:** Ongoing technical support - **Training Programs:** Technical workshops and seminars --- **Disclaimer:** The information contained herein is based on typical data and represents general guidelines. Actual performance may vary depending on specific application conditions, heat treatment procedures, geometric factors, and operational parameters. This document does not constitute a warranty or guarantee of performance. Users should conduct appropriate testing and validation for their specific applications. PSM Industries reserves the right to modify product specifications and processing recommendations without notice. For critical applications, consultation with PSM technical personnel is strongly recommended. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: PSM Industries PM Krupp D-2 Powder Metallurgy Steel Alloy Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <7107 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: PSM Industries PM Krupp D-2 Powder Metallurgy Steel Alloy Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of PSM Industries PM Krupp D-2 Powder Metallurgy Steel Tube Alloy -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers PSM Industries PM Krupp D-2 Powder Metallurgy Steel Tube Alloy -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of PSM Industries PM Krupp D-2 Powder Metallurgy Steel Tube Alloy -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Tube drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 3578 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition