1,We Manufacturing processes are primarily classified into four types:
1:Forging,
2:Casting,
3:Cutting,
4:Rolling.
2,We can manufacture in accordance with these standards.
Standards:
GB Series (Chinese Standards), JB Series (Machinery Standards), HG Series (Chemical Industry Standards), ASME B16.5 (American Standards), BS4504 (British Standards), DIN (German Standards), and JIS (Japanese Standards).
Internationally, there are two primary systems of pipe flange standards: the European system, represented by the German DIN standards (including those of the former Soviet Union), and the American system, represented by the US ANSI pipe flange standards. Other common standards include: the Chinese Ministry of Machinery Industry standards (JB series), the Ministry of Chemical Industry standards (HG series), the Chinese National Standard *GB/T 9112–9124-2010 Steel Pipe Flanges*, as well as US standards (ASME B16.5), British standards (BS4504), German standards (DIN), Japanese standards (JIS), and marine standards (CBM), among others.
The nominal pressure ratings for the PN series are designated by "PN" and comprise the following nine levels: PN2.5, PN6, PN10, PN16, PN25, PN40, PN63, PN100, and PN160.
The nominal pressure ratings for the Class series are designated by "Class" and comprise the following six levels: Class150, Class300, Class600, Class900, Class1500, and Class2500.
Flange Classification
1. **According to Chemical Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Plate Flat Welding Flange (PL), Necked Flat Welding Flange (SO), Necked Butt Welding Flange (WN), Integral Flange (IF), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Threaded Flange (Th), Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/SE), Blind Flange (BL), Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/PJ), and Lined Blind Flange (BL(s)).
2. **According to Petrochemical (SH) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Threaded Flange (PL), Butt Welding Flange (WN), Flat Welding Flange (SO), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Loose Flange (LJ), and Blind Flange (no specific designation).
3. **According to Machinery (JB) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Integral Flange, Butt Welding Flange, Plate Flat Welding Flange, Butt Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Lap Joint Ring Plate Loose Flange, and Blind Flange.
4. **According to Connection Method/Type:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Plate Flat Welding Flange, Necked Flat Welding Flange, Necked Butt Welding Flange, Socket Welding Flange, Threaded Flange, Blind Flange, Necked Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange, Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) Flange and Blind Flange, Large-Diameter Plate Flange, Large-Diameter High-Neck Flange, Figure-8 Blind Plate, Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, etc.
5. **According to the Component Being Connected:** Flanges can be classified into Vessel Flanges and Pipe Flanges.
6. **According to Structural Type:** Flanges include Integral Flanges, Threaded Flanges, Flat Welding Flanges, Butt Welding Flanges, Lap Joint (Loose/Swivel) Flanges, and Blind Flanges.
A flange—also referred to as a flange plate or rim—is a component used to connect shafts to one another, or, more commonly, to join the ends of pipes. Flanges are also utilized at the inlet and outlet ports of equipment to facilitate connections between two devices—for instance, the flange on a speed reducer. A "flange connection" or "flanged joint" refers to a detachable joint assembly comprising three interconnected elements—a flange, a gasket, and bolts—that together form a sealed structural unit. In the context of piping systems, a "pipe flange" specifically denotes a flange used for plumbing within the installation; when applied to equipment, it refers to the inlet or outlet flange of that specific device. Flanges feature a series of holes through which bolts are inserted to securely fasten the two flanges together, while a gasket placed between the flanges ensures a leak-proof seal. Flanges are broadly categorized into three types: threaded (screw-in) flanges, welded flanges, and clamp-type flanges. Flanges are invariably used in pairs; threaded flanges are suitable for low-pressure piping applications, whereas welded flanges are required for systems operating at pressures exceeding 4 kilograms per square centimeter. A sealing gasket is inserted between the two flange plates, which are then firmly secured using bolts. The thickness of a flange—as well as the specifications of the bolts used to fasten it—vary depending on the specific pressure rating required for the application. When connecting equipment such as water pumps or valves to piping systems, the corresponding connection points on these devices are often manufactured in the shape of a matching flange; this method of attachment is also referred to as a "flange connection." Generally, any connecting component that utilizes bolts to join and seal the perimeters of two flat surfaces—such as the joints in ventilation ducts—is termed a "flange"; such components may collectively be classified as "flange-type parts." However, since such a connection often constitutes merely a *portion* of a larger device—for instance, the interface between a flange and a water pump—it would be inappropriate to classify the entire water pump itself as a "flange-type part." Conversely, smaller components—such as valves—that feature such flanged interfaces may indeed be appropriately categorized as "flange-type parts."
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AK Steel Flange ASTM A 1011, Class 2 Formable, Grade 60K Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Flange, Medium/High Strength Low Alloy Steel Flange (HSLA) Product Information
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AK Steel Flange ASTM A 1011, Class 2 Formable, Grade 60K Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Flange, Medium/High Strength Low Alloy Steel Flange (HSLA) Synonyms
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AK Steel ASTM A 1011, Class 2 Formable, Grade 60K Hot Rolled Carbon Steel, Medium/High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA) Product Information
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**Product Name:** AK Steel ASTM A1011, Class 2 Formable, Grade 60K Hot-Rolled High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel (HSLA)
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### **1. Overview**
AK Steel's ASTM A1011 **Grade 60K, Class 2 Formable** represents the pinnacle of commercially available hot-rolled, microalloyed high-strength steel for structural applications. With a minimum yield strength of 60 ksi (415 MPa), it offers the highest strength tier within the common A1011 specification, enabling maximum weight reduction and structural efficiency. As a **"Class 2 Formable"** grade, it is designed for applications where ultimate load-bearing capacity is the primary driver, and fabrication is limited to straightforward processes such as cutting, welding, and simple bending. This material pushes the boundaries of hot-rolled steel performance, targeting the most demanding structural components where minimizing mass is critical.
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### **2. International Standards**
This product is manufactured to the rigorous requirements of the following specification, achieving its maximum standard strength grade:
* **ASTM A1011 / A1011M:** Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy and High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability.
* **Grade:** 60K (Microalloyed HSLA Steel)
* **Formability Class:** **Class 2 (Structural).** This classification denotes standard formability suitable for structural fabrication. For Grade 60K, it acknowledges the inherent challenges of forming at this strength level and focuses on providing consistent, reliable mechanical properties for structural design.
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### **3. Chemical Composition (Typical, % by Weight)**
The chemistry is an advanced, ultra-low carbon, heavily microalloyed system, often utilizing Thermomechanical Controlled Processing (TMCP).
| Element | Content (Typical / Maximum) | Role & Implication |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Carbon (C)** | 0.06% - 0.10% max | Extremely low. This is critical for maintaining weldability and preventing brittleness; strength is achieved almost entirely through microalloying and advanced processing. |
| **Manganese (Mn)** | 1.50% - 1.85% | Essential solid solution strengthener; high levels are required to support the 60 ksi strength target. |
| **Phosphorus (P)** | 0.020% max | Very tightly controlled for optimal toughness. |
| **Sulfur (S)** | 0.008% max (Calcium-treated) | Ultra-low sulfur with calcium treatment is standard to ensure excellent through-thickness (Z-direction) properties and weld zone integrity. |
| **Silicon (Si)** | 0.10% - 0.40% | Deoxidizer. |
| **Columbium (Cb/Nb)** | **0.04% - 0.09%** | **Critical Microalloy.** Fundamental for intense grain refinement and strong precipitation hardening. |
| **Vanadium (V)** | **0.06% - 0.12%** | **Critical Microalloy.** Works synergistically with Nb for maximum precipitation strengthening. The combination is essential for 60 ksi yield in hot-rolled condition. |
| **Titanium (Ti)** | 0.01% - 0.03% | Added for additional grain refinement, nitrogen control, and sulfide modification. |
| **Molybdenum (Mo)** | May be present in small amounts (<0.10%) | Sometimes added to increase hardenability and promote beneficial microstructures like bainite. |
| **Key Characteristic:** | **State-of-the-Art Carbon Equivalent (CE).** Typically ~0.42-0.48. While the highest among common HSLA grades, it represents a significant achievement, allowing this ultra-high-strength steel to be welded with qualified procedures, distinguishing it from quenched & tempered alternatives. | |
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### **4. Physical & Mechanical Properties**
Properties define the upper limit of standard hot-rolled HSLA structural performance.
| Property | Specification Minimum (ASTM A1011, Grade 60K, Class 2) | Typical Value / Description |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Yield Strength (min)** | 60 ksi (415 MPa) | Often consistently 62-70 ksi. |
| **Tensile Strength** | 75 ksi min (520 MPa) | Typically 75-90 ksi. **Class 2 accommodates the high tensile strengths necessary for this grade**, resulting in a high yield-to-tensile ratio. |
| **Yield-to-Tensile Ratio (Y/T)** | **High** | Typically 0.83 - 0.90. Characteristic of ultra-high-strength steels, indicating high elastic limits but limited uniform elongation. This limits cold formability. |
| **Elongation in 2" (min)** | **Minimum for structural integrity** (e.g., 15-17% min) | Provides essential ductility for structural safety and weldability, but material is not intended for significant plastic deformation during fabrication. |
| **Modulus of Elasticity** | 29,000 ksi (200 GPa) | |
| **Notch Toughness** | **Excellent (when processed accordingly).** The advanced TMCP microstructure (fine bainite/acicular ferrite) can provide very good impact resistance, but is highly dependent on processing. Supplemental toughness requirements must be explicitly specified. | |
| **Through-Thickness Ductility** | **Critical and Specified.** Excellent Z-direction properties (as measured by reduction of area) are typically a requirement for this grade to prevent lamellar tearing in thick welded joints. | |
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### **5. Key Features & Advantages**
* **Maximum Weight Reduction & Structural Efficiency:** Enables the most aggressive lightweighting possible with hot-rolled steel, crucial for mobile equipment and long-span structures.
* **Ultra-High Strength with Good Toughness:** Provides an exceptional combination of strength and fracture resistance when produced with advanced TMCP, offering performance approaching some quenched & tempered steels.
* **Weldable Ultra-High Strength:** The microalloyed approach makes it a weldable alternative to heat-treated 60 ksi plates, simplifying fabrication of complex structures.
* **Superior Fatigue Performance:** The fine, homogeneous microstructure contributes to high fatigue strength, beneficial for dynamically loaded components.
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### **6. Product Applications**
ASTM A1011 Grade 60K Class 2 is reserved for the most critical, weight-sensitive structural applications.
* **Heavy Mining Equipment:** Main frames, booms, and dipper arms for the largest excavators and shovels; chassis for ultra-class haul trucks (e.g., 300-ton+).
* **Mobile Crane & Lift Equipment:** Boom sections, outrigger boxes, and main frames for high-capacity mobile cranes where weight directly impacts lifting capability.
* **Advanced Transportation:** Main beams for extreme-capacity trailers, critical components in heavy-duty military vehicles, and structural members in high-performance rail.
* **Specialized Construction:** Key components in offshore construction equipment, heavy-lift gantry systems, and the cores of high-rise building construction systems (e.g., jump forms).
* **Energy Infrastructure:** Critical sections in wind turbine towers (premium segments), heavily loaded support structures in power plants.
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### **7. Fabrication & Processing Notes**
* **Forming:** **Cold forming is extremely limited.** Only simple, gentle bending with very large radii (≥ **5x material thickness**) should be attempted. **Hot forming (900-1200°F / 480-650°C) is often required** for any significant shaping to avoid cracking. **Significant, unpredictable springback** must be addressed.
* **Welding:** Demands **expert-level, rigorously qualified procedures**. **Mandatory use of low-hydrogen, high-toughness processes** (SAW, FCAW-G with specially designed wires). **Preheat (250-400°F / 120-200°C) and strict interpass temperature control are essential.** Use of **matching or slightly undermatching** high-toughness filler metals is critical. **Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)** is **strongly recommended, and often required**, for stress relief, especially in thick sections.
* **Cutting:** **Laser and high-definition plasma cutting are strongly preferred** to minimize the heat-affected zone. Oxy-fuel cutting edges must be extensively ground prior to welding.
* **Surface Preparation:** Immaculate surface preparation via abrasive blasting is non-negotiable.
* **Important Consideration:** Grade 60K Class 2 is a **specialized engineering material**. Its successful use requires **close collaboration with the steel producer's metallurgists** from the design phase through fabrication. It is not a substitute for lower grades and should only be used when its benefits are absolutely necessary to meet design goals.
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**Disclaimer:**
*This profile describes an advanced, ultra-high-strength structural steel. AK Steel is now part of Cleveland-Cliffs Inc.*
**Grade 60K Class 2 is not a commodity product.** Its application necessitates thorough review of the latest **ASTM A1011** standard, the producer's **detailed Technical Data Sheet**, and the certified **MTR with supplemental test reports** (Z-direction, Charpy). Procurement must explicitly specify **"ASTM A1011, Grade 60K, Class 2"** along with any supplemental requirements (toughness, Z-strength). **Procedure qualification for all fabrication steps (cutting, forming, welding) is mandatory.** Engineering oversight is essential.
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AK Steel ASTM A 1011, Class 2 Formable, Grade 60K Hot Rolled Carbon Steel, Medium/High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA) Specification
Dimensions
Size：
Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <4601 mm
Size:We can customized as required
Standard：
Per your request or drawing
We can customized as required
Properties（Theoretical）
Chemical Composition
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AK Steel ASTM A 1011, Class 2 Formable, Grade 60K Hot Rolled Carbon Steel, Medium/High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA) Properties
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Applications of AK Steel Flange ASTM A 1011, Class 2 Formable, Grade 60K Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Flange, Medium/High Strength Low Alloy Steel Flange (HSLA)
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Chemical Identifiers AK Steel Flange ASTM A 1011, Class 2 Formable, Grade 60K Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Flange, Medium/High Strength Low Alloy Steel Flange (HSLA)
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Packing of AK Steel Flange ASTM A 1011, Class 2 Formable, Grade 60K Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Flange, Medium/High Strength Low Alloy Steel Flange (HSLA)
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Standard Packing:
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Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Flange drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 1072 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition
