1,We Manufacturing processes are primarily classified into four types:
1:Forging,
2:Casting,
3:Cutting,
4:Rolling.
2,We can manufacture in accordance with these standards.
Standards:
GB Series (Chinese Standards), JB Series (Machinery Standards), HG Series (Chemical Industry Standards), ASME B16.5 (American Standards), BS4504 (British Standards), DIN (German Standards), and JIS (Japanese Standards).
Internationally, there are two primary systems of pipe flange standards: the European system, represented by the German DIN standards (including those of the former Soviet Union), and the American system, represented by the US ANSI pipe flange standards. Other common standards include: the Chinese Ministry of Machinery Industry standards (JB series), the Ministry of Chemical Industry standards (HG series), the Chinese National Standard *GB/T 9112–9124-2010 Steel Pipe Flanges*, as well as US standards (ASME B16.5), British standards (BS4504), German standards (DIN), Japanese standards (JIS), and marine standards (CBM), among others.
The nominal pressure ratings for the PN series are designated by "PN" and comprise the following nine levels: PN2.5, PN6, PN10, PN16, PN25, PN40, PN63, PN100, and PN160.
The nominal pressure ratings for the Class series are designated by "Class" and comprise the following six levels: Class150, Class300, Class600, Class900, Class1500, and Class2500.
Flange Classification
1. **According to Chemical Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Plate Flat Welding Flange (PL), Necked Flat Welding Flange (SO), Necked Butt Welding Flange (WN), Integral Flange (IF), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Threaded Flange (Th), Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/SE), Blind Flange (BL), Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/PJ), and Lined Blind Flange (BL(s)).
2. **According to Petrochemical (SH) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Threaded Flange (PL), Butt Welding Flange (WN), Flat Welding Flange (SO), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Loose Flange (LJ), and Blind Flange (no specific designation).
3. **According to Machinery (JB) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Integral Flange, Butt Welding Flange, Plate Flat Welding Flange, Butt Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Lap Joint Ring Plate Loose Flange, and Blind Flange.
4. **According to Connection Method/Type:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Plate Flat Welding Flange, Necked Flat Welding Flange, Necked Butt Welding Flange, Socket Welding Flange, Threaded Flange, Blind Flange, Necked Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange, Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) Flange and Blind Flange, Large-Diameter Plate Flange, Large-Diameter High-Neck Flange, Figure-8 Blind Plate, Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, etc.
5. **According to the Component Being Connected:** Flanges can be classified into Vessel Flanges and Pipe Flanges.
6. **According to Structural Type:** Flanges include Integral Flanges, Threaded Flanges, Flat Welding Flanges, Butt Welding Flanges, Lap Joint (Loose/Swivel) Flanges, and Blind Flanges.
A flange—also referred to as a flange plate or rim—is a component used to connect shafts to one another, or, more commonly, to join the ends of pipes. Flanges are also utilized at the inlet and outlet ports of equipment to facilitate connections between two devices—for instance, the flange on a speed reducer. A "flange connection" or "flanged joint" refers to a detachable joint assembly comprising three interconnected elements—a flange, a gasket, and bolts—that together form a sealed structural unit. In the context of piping systems, a "pipe flange" specifically denotes a flange used for plumbing within the installation; when applied to equipment, it refers to the inlet or outlet flange of that specific device. Flanges feature a series of holes through which bolts are inserted to securely fasten the two flanges together, while a gasket placed between the flanges ensures a leak-proof seal. Flanges are broadly categorized into three types: threaded (screw-in) flanges, welded flanges, and clamp-type flanges. Flanges are invariably used in pairs; threaded flanges are suitable for low-pressure piping applications, whereas welded flanges are required for systems operating at pressures exceeding 4 kilograms per square centimeter. A sealing gasket is inserted between the two flange plates, which are then firmly secured using bolts. The thickness of a flange—as well as the specifications of the bolts used to fasten it—vary depending on the specific pressure rating required for the application. When connecting equipment such as water pumps or valves to piping systems, the corresponding connection points on these devices are often manufactured in the shape of a matching flange; this method of attachment is also referred to as a "flange connection." Generally, any connecting component that utilizes bolts to join and seal the perimeters of two flat surfaces—such as the joints in ventilation ducts—is termed a "flange"; such components may collectively be classified as "flange-type parts." However, since such a connection often constitutes merely a *portion* of a larger device—for instance, the interface between a flange and a water pump—it would be inappropriate to classify the entire water pump itself as a "flange-type part." Conversely, smaller components—such as valves—that feature such flanged interfaces may indeed be appropriately categorized as "flange-type parts."
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Latrobe Graph-Mo® Cold Work Tool Steel Flange (ASTM O6) Product Information
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Latrobe Graph-Mo® Cold Work Tool Steel Flange (ASTM O6) Synonyms
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Latrobe Graph-Mo® Cold Work Tool Steel (ASTM O6) Product Information
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# **Latrobe Graph-Mo® Cold Work Tool Steel (ASTM O6)**
## **Product Overview**
Latrobe Graph-Mo® is a specialized, **graphitic, oil-hardening** cold work tool steel that conforms to the ASTM O6 classification. Its defining characteristic is a controlled dispersion of **free graphite particles within a molybdenum-alloyed steel matrix**, which imparts a unique combination of properties not found in standard tool steels. This microstructure provides **exceptional machinability, excellent wear resistance with built-in lubricity, and superior vibration damping**, making it the premier choice for intricate, high-precision tooling and applications prone to galling.
## **Key Features & Benefits**
* **Unparalleled Machinability:** The free-graphite acts as an internal chip-breaker and lubricant during cutting operations, offering machinability superior to virtually all other tool steels—often rated above 100% of a standard carbon steel benchmark. This drastically reduces machining time, tool wear, and production costs for complex parts.
* **Excellent Wear & Anti-Galling Resistance:** The graphite provides inherent dry-lubricating properties at the tool surface, significantly reducing friction, heat buildup, and adhesive wear (galling). This is combined with good abrasive wear resistance from the hardened matrix.
* **Superior Vibration Damping:** The graphite phase effectively absorbs vibrational energy (chatter), making Graph-Mo® ideal for long, slender tools (e.g., boring bars, taps, end mills), intricate engraving tools, and components where chatter compromises finish or accuracy.
* **Consistent Dimensional Stability:** As an oil-hardening grade with low transformation stresses, it exhibits minimal and predictable size change during heat treatment.
* **Good Polishability:** Capable of achieving an excellent surface finish, which is beneficial for plastic molds and forming dies.
## **International Standard & Designations**
* **Primary Standard:** **ASTM A681-08 (R2019):** Standard Specification for Tool Steel Alloy.
* **Grade:** **O6** (Graphitic, Oil-Hardening)
* **Manufacturer's Designation:** **Latrobe Graph-Mo®**
* **Unified Numbering System (UNS):** **T31506**
* **Common International Equivalents (Functional):**
* There is no direct, universally adopted international equivalent due to its unique graphitic composition.
* **Germany (DIN):** The concept is similar to graphitized 1.2842, but the molybdenum-modified base of O6 offers distinct advantages.
* It is the benchmark against which other free-machining, graphitic tool steels are compared.
## **Chemical Composition (%, typical - ASTM O6)**
The composition balances hardenability with stable graphite formation.
| Carbon (C) (Total) | Graphite (C) | Molybdenum (Mo) | Silicon (Si) | Manganese (Mn) | Iron (Fe) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 1.25 - 1.55 | ~1.00* (approx.) | 0.20 - 0.30 | 0.55 - 1.05 | 0.20 - 1.00 | Balance |
*\*Note: A significant portion of the total carbon is present in the form of finely dispersed, rounded graphite nodules. The molybdenum enhances hardenability and strength.*
## **Physical & Mechanical Properties (Typical)**
| Property | Value / Description |
| :--- | :--- |
| **Density** | ~7.6 - 7.7 g/cm³ (Slightly lower than solid steel due to graphite) |
| **Hardness (Annealed)** | 190-220 HB (Brinell) |
| **Hardness (Heat Treated)** | **57 - 61 HRC** (Achievable range. Typically used at 58-60 HRC for optimal balance) |
| **Austenitizing Temperature** | **790 - 815°C (1455 - 1500°F)** – **Crucially low to preserve graphite.** |
| **Quenching Medium** | Oil |
| **Tempering Temperature** | **150 - 230°C (300 - 450°F).** Most commonly tempered at 175-205°C (350-400°F). **Single temper is standard.** |
| **Machinability** | **Outstanding** – Typically rated at 130-150% of a 1% carbon steel (B1112) benchmark. |
| **Toughness** | Moderate. Adequate for most cold work applications for which it is intended. |
## **Product Applications**
Latrobe Graph-Mo® excels in applications where complex machining, low friction, and precision are critical.
* **Intricate Tooling & Dies:** Complex blanking dies, form tools, master hubs, gears, and cams that are prohibitively expensive or difficult to machine from conventional steels.
* **Plastic Injection & Compression Molds:** Particularly for materials prone to sticking or where excellent polish and intricate details are required.
* **Thread Rolling Dies & Knurls** for non-ferrous metals, reducing galling.
* **Chatter-Sensitive Tools:** Long boring bars, precision taps, fine-pitch hobs, and engraving tools.
* **Wear Parts Subject to Galling:** Gibs, guide rails, and wear plates in machinery.
* **Gauges, Fixtures, and Master Models** requiring stability and extensive machining.
## **Processing & Heat Treatment Notes**
* **Machining:** **Superb.** Can be machined at high speeds and feeds with excellent surface finish and long tool life. Produces characteristic dark, "smoky" chips/swarf due to graphite.
* **Heat Treatment:** **THE CRITICAL STEP.** Success depends entirely on **NOT exceeding the recommended low austenitizing temperature**. Overheating dissolves the graphite, permanently destroying the key properties of the steel. Use a reliable, calibrated furnace. Salt bath or controlled atmosphere is preferred. Quench in warm oil (50-65°C). Temper immediately.
* **Grinding:** Grinds well, but the graphite can load conventional wheels. Use sharp, open-structure wheels or CBN wheels with proper cleaning.
* **Surface Treatments:** **Nitriding and carburizing are not recommended** as they interact with the surface graphite. Decorative or protective plating (chrome, nickel) or PVD coatings can be applied to properly prepared surfaces.
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**Disclaimer**
*Latrobe Graph-Mo® is a unique, proprietary tool steel whose exceptional properties are contingent upon strict adherence to its specific low-temperature heat treatment. The information provided is representative of O6-type graphitic steels. It is the absolute responsibility of the end-user to obtain and meticulously follow the latest official technical data sheets and processing guidelines from Latrobe Specialty Steel for this specific grade. Deviation from the specified austenitizing temperature will result in failure to achieve its designed performance characteristics.*
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Latrobe Graph-Mo® Cold Work Tool Steel (ASTM O6) Specification
Dimensions
Size：
Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <5363 mm
Size:We can customized as required
Standard：
Per your request or drawing
We can customized as required
Properties（Theoretical）
Chemical Composition
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Latrobe Graph-Mo® Cold Work Tool Steel (ASTM O6) Properties
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Applications of Latrobe Graph-Mo® Cold Work Tool Steel Flange (ASTM O6)
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Chemical Identifiers Latrobe Graph-Mo® Cold Work Tool Steel Flange (ASTM O6)
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Packing of Latrobe Graph-Mo® Cold Work Tool Steel Flange (ASTM O6)
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Standard Packing:
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Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Flange drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 1834 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition
