AISI 1023 Steel Tube,Pipe

AISI 1023 Steel Tube, cold drawn, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1023 Steel Tube, cold drawn, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

AISI 1023 Steel, cold drawn, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # AISI 1023 Steel - Cold Drawn Round Bar Technical Datasheet ## Product Range: 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) Diameter --- ## 1. Product Overview **AISI 1023** is a low-to-medium carbon steel grade characterized by its balanced composition, offering an optimal combination of strength, ductility, and machinability. When processed into **cold drawn round bars** within the **19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) diameter range**, this material provides enhanced mechanical properties, superior dimensional accuracy, and excellent surface finish compared to its hot-rolled counterpart. This specific size range is particularly popular for manufacturing medium-sized precision components across various industries. The cold drawing process involves pulling hot-rolled stock through a die at room temperature, resulting in work hardening that significantly improves yield strength while maintaining good elongation properties. --- ## 2. Chemical Composition (Weight %) | Element | AISI 1023 Specification (%) | Typical Analysis 19-32 mm (%) | Metallurgical Influence | |---------|-----------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------| | Carbon (C) | 0.20 - 0.25 | 0.21 - 0.23 | Primary strengthening; balances strength with formability | | Manganese (Mn) | 0.30 - 0.60 | 0.40 - 0.50 | Enhances strength, hardenability, and deoxidation | | Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.040 | 0.010 - 0.020 | Controlled impurity; increases strength slightly | | Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.050 | 0.020 - 0.035 | Improves machinability; forms manganese sulfides | | Silicon (Si) | 0.15 - 0.35 (typical) | 0.15 - 0.30 | Deoxidizer; solid solution strengthener | | Iron (Fe) | Balance | Balance | Matrix element | **Special Notes for 19-32 mm Cold Drawn Rounds:** - Carbon content typically targets the **mid-range (0.21-0.23%)** for optimal balance of strength and cold workability - Manganese controlled to ensure uniform response to cold drawing across the section - Sulfur content may be optimized within the range to enhance machinability for this specific diameter range --- ## 3. Physical Properties | Property | Typical Value | Test Condition / Relevance | |----------|---------------|----------------------------| | **Density** | 7.87 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³) | At 20°C; consistent across diameter range | | **Melting Point** | 1500 - 1520°C (2732 - 2768°F) | - | | **Modulus of Elasticity (E)** | 205 GPa (29.7 × 10⁶ psi) | Important for deflection calculations | | **Shear Modulus (G)** | 80 GPa (11.6 × 10⁶ psi) | Relevant for torsion applications | | **Poisson's Ratio (ν)** | 0.29 | - | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 50.2 W/m·K | At 100°C; affects heat treatment uniformity | | **Specific Heat Capacity** | 486 J/kg·K | At 20°C | | **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 11.5 × 10⁻⁶ /K | 20-100°C range; important for fitted assemblies | | **Electrical Resistivity** | 0.161 µΩ·m | At 20°C | --- ## 4. Mechanical Properties (As Cold Drawn) ### Properties by Specific Diameter: | Mechanical Property | 19 mm (0.75") | 25 mm (1.0") | 32 mm (1.25") | Test Standard | |---------------------|---------------|--------------|---------------|----------------| | **Tensile Strength** | 525-620 MPa (76-90 ksi) | 500-590 MPa (73-86 ksi) | 480-560 MPa (70-81 ksi) | ASTM A370 | | **Yield Strength (0.2% offset)** | 440-530 MPa (64-77 ksi) | 420-500 MPa (61-73 ksi) | 400-480 MPa (58-70 ksi) | ASTM A370 | | **Elongation (in 50 mm)** | 12-18% | 14-20% | 16-22% | ASTM A370 | | **Reduction of Area** | 40-55% | 45-60% | 50-65% | ASTM A370 | | **Hardness** | 170-207 HB | 156-192 HB | 149-179 HB | ASTM E10 | | **Shear Strength** | 315-370 MPa (46-54 ksi) | 300-355 MPa (44-52 ksi) | 290-335 MPa (42-49 ksi) | Estimated (≈0.6 × Tensile) | ### Cold Drawing Effects in 19-32 mm Range: 1. **Work Hardening:** Yield strength increases by **40-60%** compared to hot-rolled condition 2. **Surface Enhancement:** Surface hardness typically **10-15% higher** than core 3. **Directional Properties:** Anisotropy ratio (longitudinal/transverse strength) ≈ **1.05-1.15** 4. **Residual Stress:** Compressive at surface, tensile in core; magnitude depends on reduction ratio ### Comparison with Hot-Rolled 1023 (Same Diameter Range): | Property | Cold Drawn Improvement | |----------|------------------------| | Yield Strength | +40-60% | | Surface Finish | 30-60 µin vs. 250-500 µin (RMS) | | Dimensional Tolerance | ±0.1 mm vs. ±0.4 mm (typical) | | Straightness | ≤1.5 mm/m vs. ≤3 mm/m | --- ## 5. Manufacturing Process & Quality Characteristics **Production Sequence for 19-32 mm Cold Drawn Rounds:** 1. **Starting Material:** Hot-rolled 1023 bars, properly annealed 2. **Surface Preparation:** Pickling to remove mill scale (HCl or H₂SO₄ bath) 3. **Lubrication:** Phosphating and soap coating for drawing lubrication 4. **Cold Drawing:** Single or multiple passes through carbide dies - Typical reduction per pass: 15-25% - Drawing speed: 20-50 m/min 5. **Straightening:** Rotary or gag press straightening 6. **Cutting:** Saw cutting to required lengths (±1-3 mm tolerance) 7. **Surface Finishing:** Optional polishing, grinding, or coating 8. **Inspection & Packaging** **Quality Characteristics for 19-32 mm Rounds:** - **Surface Finish:** 30-60 µin RMS (bright, smooth surface) - **Dimensional Tolerance:** Per ASTM A108, Table 4 (Cold Drawn) - **Out-of-Roundness:** ≤ 0.5% of nominal diameter - **Straightness:** ≤ 1.5 mm per meter (0.06 in per 39 in) - **Decarburization:** Maximum 0.05 mm per side for precision grades - **Internal Soundness:** Ultrasonic testing available for critical applications --- ## 6. Primary Applications ### A. Automotive Components (Most Common Applications) - **Engine Components:** Valve stems, push rods, small camshafts - **Transmission:** Shift rods, selector forks, synchronizer hubs - **Steering & Suspension:** Tie rods (after machining), linkage pins, bushings - **Fasteners:** High-strength bolts (M12-M24), studs, and specialized fasteners ### B. Machinery & Industrial Equipment - **Hydraulic/Pneumatic:** Piston rods, cylinder barrels, valve spools - **Power Transmission:** Intermediate shafts, spindle stocks, drive shafts - **Agricultural:** Implement pins, linkage arms, tillage components - **Material Handling:** Conveyor rollers, bearing journals, guide pins ### C. Consumer & Commercial Products - **Hand Tools:** Wrench bodies, pry bar shafts, tool handles - **Furniture:** High-stress hardware, adjustable mechanisms - **Sporting Goods:** Bicycle crank arms, exercise machine components - **Hardware:** Premium fasteners, specialty bolts, anchor rods ### D. Further Processing Applications - **Cold Heading:** Excellent for bolt manufacturing (up to M24) - **CNC Machining:** Ideal stock for turned parts, precision components - **Heat Treatment:** Good response to induction hardening and carburizing - **Grinding:** Base material for precision ground shafts --- ## 7. Fabrication & Processing Characteristics ### Machinability (19-32 mm Diameter): - **Machinability Rating:** 65-70% (relative to 1212 steel as 100%) - **Recommended Cutting Speeds:** 30-45 m/min (100-150 SFM) for turning - **Tool Materials:** Carbide or high-speed steel with positive rake angles - **Chip Formation:** Continuous chips; chip breakers recommended - **Surface Finish:** Achievable: 0.8-1.6 µin (32-63 µin) with proper tooling ### Welding: - **Weldability Rating:** Good (Carbon Equivalent ≈ 0.38-0.42) - **Recommended Processes:** GTAW, GMAW, SMAW - **Preheat:** Not required for <25 mm sections; 100°C for >25 mm - **Filler Metals:** ER70S-6, E7018 (match or slightly overalloy) - **Post-Weld Heat Treatment:** Stress relieving at 550-650°C recommended for critical applications ### Cold Forming: - **Bendability:** Minimum bend radius = 2 × diameter (for 90° bend) - **Heading:** Good for cold heading applications (upset ratio ≤ 2.5:1) - **Thread Rolling:** Excellent for roll-formed threads --- ## 8. Heat Treatment Response ### Available Heat Treatments for 19-32 mm Rounds: | Treatment | Parameters | Resulting Properties (Core) | |-----------|------------|-----------------------------| | **Stress Relieving** | 550-650°C, 1 hr/25mm, air cool | Reduces residual stresses by 70-90% | | **Annealing** | 870-900°C, furnace cool | 140-170 HB, optimal machinability | | **Normalizing** | 900-925°C, air cool | 150-180 HB, refined grain structure | | **Carburizing** | 900-925°C, gas atmosphere | Case: 55-62 HRC; Core: 25-35 HRC | | **Induction Hardening** | 850-900°C, water/oil quench | Case: 50-58 HRC; Depth: 1-5 mm controllable | **Case Hardening Performance (19-32 mm):** - **Effective Case Depth:** 0.5-1.5 mm typical (to 50 HRC) - **Core Hardness After Case Hardening:** 25-35 HRC - **Distortion Control:** Minimal due to cold drawn stability --- ## 9. International Standards & Cross-References | Country/Region | Standard Number | Grade Designation | Condition | Notes | |----------------|-----------------|-------------------|-----------|-------| | **USA** | ASTM A108 | Grade 1023 | Cold drawn | Primary specification | | **USA** | SAE J403 | 1023 | - | Chemical composition | | **USA** | SAE J412 | 1023 | - | Material specification | | **Europe** | EN 10083-2 | 1.1151 (C22E) | - | Closest equivalent (Mn differs) | | **Germany** | DIN 17200 | 1.1151 | - | Similar grade | | **Japan** | JIS G4051 | S20C | - | Similar, lower carbon | | **Japan** | JIS G4051 | S25C | - | Higher carbon equivalent | | **International** | ISO 683-18 | Type 1.1 | - | Similar carbon steel | | **UK** | BS 970 | 080M22 | - | Equivalent grade | | **China** | GB/T 699 | 25# | - | Similar grade designation | | **India** | IS 5517 | C25 | - | Equivalent carbon steel | **Procurement Specifications for 19-32 mm Rounds:** ``` MATERIAL: ASTM A108 Grade 1023, Cold Drawn CONDITION: As drawn, stress relieved (optional) DIAMETER: [Specify exact diameter within 19-32 mm range] TOLERANCE: ASTM A108 Table 4, ±0.1 mm (or specify) STRAIGHTNESS: ≤1.5 mm per meter SURFACE FINISH: Bright finish, 30-60 µin RMS CERTIFICATION: EN 10204 3.1 Mill Certificate QUANTITY: [Number of pieces or total length] ``` --- ## 10. Quality Assurance & Testing **Standard Testing Protocol:** 1. **Chemical Analysis:** Optical emission spectroscopy (per heat/lot) 2. **Tensile Testing:** One test per 10 tons or per heat (ASTM A370) 3. **Hardness Testing:** Brinell or Rockwell B scale 4. **Dimensional Inspection:** 100% diameter, roundness, straightness check 5. **Surface Inspection:** Visual, sometimes dye penetrant for critical grades **Available Quality Classes:** - **Commercial Quality (CQ):** Standard cold drawn bars - **Special Quality (SQ):** Enhanced internal soundness, controlled microstructure - **Cold Heading Quality (CHQ):** Optimized for cold forming operations - **Shafting Quality:** Premium straightness and surface finish **Certifications Typically Available:** - Mill Test Certificate 3.1/3.2 (EN 10204) - Material Test Report (MTR) with traceability - RoHS/REACH compliance statements - Third-party inspection certificates (SGS, BV, etc.) --- ## 11. Storage, Handling & Shelf Life **Storage Recommendations:** - **Environment:** Indoor, dry, temperature-controlled preferred - **Support:** Proper racking with adequate support points every 1-1.5 meters - **Protection:** VCI paper or light oil coating for extended storage (>6 months) - **Segregation:** By diameter, grade, and heat number **Handling Guidelines:** - Use nylon slings or magnetic lifters - Avoid dropping or impact loading - Protect threads or machined surfaces - Maintain identification throughout processing **Shelf Life & Corrosion:** - **Indoor storage:** Essentially unlimited with proper conditions - **Outdoor storage:** Not recommended without protective coating - **Initial rust:** Light surface rust can be removed without affecting properties - **Corrosion rate:** ≈0.1 mm/year in industrial atmosphere without protection --- ## 12. Technical Design Considerations ### For 19-32 mm Shaft Design: - **Fatigue Endurance Limit:** ≈210-250 MPa (30-36 ksi) for polished surfaces - **Stress Concentration Factors:** Highly sensitive to notches (Kt = 2-3 for sharp grooves) - **Critical Speed:** For simply supported shafts: \( N_c = \frac{4.73^2}{2\pi L^2} \sqrt{\frac{EI}{m}} \) - **Torsional Strength:** \( \tau_{max} = \frac{16T}{\pi d^3} \) where T = torque, d = diameter ### Allowable Loads (Conservative Estimates): | Diameter | Static Axial Load | Bending Moment | Torque | |----------|-------------------|----------------|--------| | 19 mm | 125-150 kN | 80-100 Nm | 120-140 Nm | | 25 mm | 200-240 kN | 180-220 Nm | 300-350 Nm | | 32 mm | 320-380 kN | 380-450 Nm | 650-750 Nm | --- ## 13. Economic Considerations **Cost Factors for 19-32 mm Cold Drawn 1023:** - **Base Price:** Typically **25-35% premium** over hot-rolled equivalent - **Volume Discounts:** Significant for quantities >5 tons - **Special Processing:** Additional costs for: - Precision tolerances: +10-20% - Special straightness: +5-15% - Testing/certification: +3-10% - **Regional Variations:** Prices vary by market (North America, Europe, Asia) **Value Analysis:** - **Cost per Strength Unit:** Excellent compared to alloy steels - **Machining Cost Savings:** Reduced machining time vs. hot-rolled - **Scrap Reduction:** Better dimensional accuracy reduces material waste - **Tool Life:** Improved surface finish extends cutting tool life --- ## 14. Comparison with Competing Grades | Grade | Carbon Range | Typical Strength (25mm) | Relative Cost | Best For | |-------|--------------|-------------------------|---------------|----------| | **1023 Cold Drawn** | 0.20-0.25% | 500-590 MPa | 1.00 (baseline) | Balanced applications | | 1022 Cold Drawn | 0.18-0.23% | 480-580 MPa | 0.95-0.98 | Better weldability | | 1025 Cold Drawn | 0.22-0.28% | 520-610 MPa | 1.02-1.05 | Higher strength needs | | 1045 Cold Drawn | 0.43-0.50% | 620-750 MPa | 1.15-1.25 | High strength, heat treated | | 12L14 (Free Machining) | 0.15% max | 410-480 MPa | 1.10-1.20 | High volume machining | --- ## 15. Limitations & Special Considerations 1. **Temperature Limitations:** - Maximum service temperature: 350°C (660°F) - Cold work properties degrade above 200°C (390°F) 2. **Corrosion Resistance:** - Equivalent to other carbon steels - Requires protective coatings for corrosive environments - Not suitable for marine or chemical exposure without protection 3. **Size Limitations:** - Maximum practical cold drawing diameter: ~75 mm (3") - Properties vary significantly near size extremes 4. **Anisotropy Concerns:** - Directional properties may affect performance in multi-axial loading - Stress relieving recommended for complex load conditions 5. **Weldability Constraints:** - Preheat required for sections >25 mm - Post-weld heat treatment recommended for thick sections --- ## 16. Future Trends & Developments 1. **Sustainability:** Increased use of recycled content (>80% in some mills) 2. **Processing:** Improved drawing lubricants for better surface quality 3. **Quality Control:** Real-time monitoring during drawing process 4. **Customization:** Tailored chemistry for specific applications 5. **Digital Twins:** Material property prediction models for design optimization --- *Technical Disclaimer: This datasheet provides typical values and characteristics for cold drawn AISI 1023 round bars in the 19-32 mm diameter range. Actual properties may vary depending on manufacturer, specific processing parameters, heat treatment, and testing methods. For critical applications, always:* 1. *Consult the manufacturer's certified test reports* 2. *Conduct appropriate validation testing* 3. *Consider application-specific factors (loading, environment, safety factors)* 4. *Comply with all applicable codes and standards* *The information contained herein is for general guidance only and should not be used as a substitute for professional engineering analysis.* -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1023 Steel, cold drawn, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <4779 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1023 Steel, cold drawn, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of AISI 1023 Steel Tube, cold drawn, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers AISI 1023 Steel Tube, cold drawn, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of AISI 1023 Steel Tube, cold drawn, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Tube drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 1250 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition