AISI 1045 Steel, turned, ground, and polished

AISI 1045 Steel, turned, ground, and polished, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1045 Steel, turned, ground, and polished, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

AISI 1045 Steel, turned, ground, and polished, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **AISI 1045 Steel, Turned, Ground and Polished (TGP), 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) Round Bar** ## **1. Product Overview** AISI 1045 **Turned, Ground and Polished (TGP)** round bars represent the highest commercially available grade of surface finish and dimensional precision for medium-carbon steel shafts. Within the **19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) diameter range**, this product undergoes successive machining operations to achieve exceptional straightness, diameter consistency, and mirror-like surface quality. TGP bars are considered "ready-to-use" precision shafting, requiring minimal to no additional finishing before installation in demanding mechanical applications where smooth operation, minimal runout, and precise fit are critical. ## **2. Chemical Composition** The composition adheres to strict AISI 1045 specifications, with particular attention to uniformity for consistent machining response. | Element | Composition (%) (Typical) | Specification Range (%) | |---------|--------------------------|------------------------| | Carbon (C) | 0.45 | 0.43 - 0.50 | | Manganese (Mn) | 0.75 | 0.60 - 0.90 | | Phosphorus (P) | 0.020 max | ≤ 0.040 | | Sulfur (S) | 0.020 max | ≤ 0.050 | | Silicon (Si) | 0.25 | 0.15 - 0.35 | | Iron (Fe) | Balance | Balance | *Note:* Low residual elements and uniform composition are essential for consistent grinding and polishing behavior, preventing surface defects. ## **3. Manufacturing Process: Turned, Ground & Polished (TGP)** This multi-stage finishing process transforms standard cold-drawn or hot-rolled bars into precision products: ### **Sequential Processing Steps:** 1. **Turning (Precision Turning):** * Removes surface imperfections, decarburization, and scale * Establishes initial diameter consistency * Corrects any inherent curvature in the raw material 2. **Grinding (Centerless Grinding or Between Centers):** * Achieves precise diameter tolerances (±0.0125 mm or better for these sizes) * Produces uniform surface finish with consistent roughness * Ensures exceptional straightness (often ≤0.05 mm per meter) 3. **Polishing (Abrasive Polishing):** * Removes microscopic peaks from grinding * Achieves mirror-like surface finish * Creates compressive surface layer beneficial for fatigue resistance ### **Key Benefits for 19-32 mm TGP Rounds:** * **Superior Surface Integrity:** Minimized stress concentrators and subsurface damage * **Geometric Perfection:** Near-perfect circularity and cylindricality * **Ready for Assembly:** Can often be used directly without additional machining * **Optimal Bearing Surfaces:** Ideal for seal and bearing contact areas ## **4. Physical & Mechanical Properties (TGP Condition)** *Properties reflect the material in its as-supplied TGP state, typically normalized or stress-relieved.* ### **Physical Properties** * **Density:** 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³) * **Modulus of Elasticity:** 200 GPa (29 × 10⁶ psi) * **Poisson's Ratio:** 0.29 * **Thermal Conductivity:** 51.9 W/m·K ### **Mechanical Properties** | Property | Typical Value | Notes | |----------|--------------|-------| | Hardness | 170-210 HB (as supplied) | Can be supplied in various heat-treated conditions | | Tensile Strength | 550-620 MPa (80-90 ksi) | For normalized/annealed condition | | Yield Strength (0.2% Offset) | 340-415 MPa (49-60 ksi) | For normalized/annealed condition | | **Surface Roughness (Ra)** | **0.4 - 1.6 μm (16 - 63 μin)** | **Superior to standard cold-drawn (3.2 μm)** | | **Diameter Tolerance** | **±0.0125 - ±0.025 mm** | **Exceptional precision for these diameters** | | **Straightness** | **≤0.05 mm per meter** | **Critical for high-speed shaft applications** | | **Circularity (Roundness)** | **≤0.01 mm** | **Ensures uniform bearing contact** | ### **Surface Characteristics** * **Finish:** Mirror-like appearance with directional polishing marks * **Decarburization:** Virtually eliminated by turning operation * **Surface Integrity:** Minimal residual stresses from polishing * **Cleanliness:** Free from scale, pits, seams, and other imperfections ## **5. Product Applications** TGP shafts are specified for applications where precision, smooth operation, and reliability are paramount: ### **Primary Applications** * **Hydraulic & Pneumatic Cylinder Rods:** Direct sealing surface for piston rods, requiring smooth finish to prevent seal wear * **Precision Shafting:** Drive shafts, conveyor rolls, printing rollers, textile machinery shafts * **Bearing Journals & Races:** Direct mounting surfaces for bearings without additional turning * **Linear Motion Components:** Guide rods, linear shafts, ball screw shafts * **Automotive & Aerospace:** Valve stems, actuator rods, landing gear components * **Food & Pharmaceutical Equipment:** Sanitary applications requiring cleanable, non-porous surfaces * **Machine Tool Spindles & Arbors:** Where minimal runout is critical ### **Industry-Specific Advantages:** * **Reduced Assembly Time:** Eliminates in-house finishing operations * **Improved Performance:** Lower friction, reduced wear, longer seal life * **Enhanced Reliability:** Consistent quality with minimal surface defects * **Predictable Lifecycle:** Superior fatigue resistance from polished surface ## **6. Available Conditions & Heat Treatment Options** TGP bars can be supplied in various metallurgical conditions: ### **Common Supply Conditions:** 1. **Normalized/Annealed:** Most common; optimized for subsequent hardening 2. **Pre-Hardened (Quenched & Tempered):** 28-32 HRC or 35-40 HRC ranges 3. **Stress-Relieved:** For maximum dimensional stability 4. **Induction Hardened:** Specific areas hardened for bearing surfaces ### **Post-Processing Considerations:** * **Machining:** TGP bars can be easily machined if supplied in annealed condition * **Hardening:** Often induction hardened after machining to preserve surface finish in bearing areas * **Plating/Coating:** Excellent substrate for chrome plating, nickel coating, or other surface treatments * **Grinding:** Additional grinding may be performed for ultra-precision applications ## **7. International Standards & Specifications** ### **Primary Material & Dimensional Standards** | Country/Region | Standard | Grade Designation | Application | |----------------|----------|-------------------|-------------| | **USA** | **ASTM A108** | **Grade 1045, TGP** | **Standard specification with TGP supplementary requirement** | | USA | ASTM A829 | Grade 1045 | Plates, shapes, and bars for special applications | | USA | SAE J403 | 1045 | Chemical composition | | **European Union** | **EN 10083-2** | **C45E (1.1191)** | **With additional surface finish requirements** | | Germany | DIN 1013-2 | Ck45 | Precision steel bars | | **Japan** | **JIS G4051** | **S45C** | **With special surface finish class** | | **International** | **ISO 286-2** | **h6, h7 tolerance grades** | **Geometrical tolerances for precision shafts** | ### **Surface Finish & Tolerance Standards** * **ASTM A108:** Supplementary Requirement S7 (Turned and Polished) * **ISO 1302:** Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Surface texture * **ANSI B46.1:** Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay) * **Customer Specifications:** Often include Ra, Rz, Rmax values and straightness requirements ## **8. Comparison with Other Product Forms** | Parameter | Cold-Drawn 1045 | Ground & Polished 1045 | **TGP 1045 (19-32 mm)** | |-----------|-----------------|------------------------|-------------------------| | Surface Roughness (Ra) | ~3.2 μm | ~1.6 μm | **0.4 - 1.6 μm** | | Diameter Tolerance | ±0.075 mm | ±0.025 mm | **±0.0125 mm** | | Straightness | 0.5 mm/m | 0.1 mm/m | **≤0.05 mm/m** | | Decarburization | May be present | Removed at edges | **Completely removed** | | Surface Defects | Possible seams | Minimal | **Virtually eliminated** | | Circularity | Good | Very Good | **Excellent** | | Cost Factor | 1.0x | 1.5-2.0x | **2.0-3.0x** | ## **9. Selection & Design Considerations** ### **When to Specify TGP Bars:** 1. **Direct Bearing/Shaft Applications:** When shafts will interface directly with bearings, bushings, or seals 2. **High-Speed Operation:** Where balance and minimal runout are critical 3. **Sanitary Applications:** Food, pharmaceutical, or chemical processing equipment 4. **Precision Mechanisms:** Linear guides, optical equipment, instrumentation 5. **Reduced Assembly Cost:** When in-house finishing would be more expensive ### **Design Guidelines:** * Specify required surface roughness (Ra, Rz) based on sealing or bearing requirements * Define straightness tolerances based on shaft length and operating speed * Consider thermal treatments if dimensional stability is critical * Specify preservation coatings if bars will be stored before use ## **10. Summary** AISI 1045 Turned, Ground and Polished round bars in the 19-32 mm range represent the **pinnacle of precision shafting materials** for demanding mechanical applications. The TGP manufacturing process transforms standard medium-carbon steel into a product with exceptional geometrical accuracy, superior surface finish, and reliable performance characteristics. This product eliminates the need for additional finishing operations in most applications, providing immediate cost savings in assembly and manufacturing. The superior surface integrity enhances fatigue resistance, reduces friction and wear, and extends the service life of both the shaft and its mating components. For engineers designing precision rotating or linear motion systems, hydraulic/pneumatic cylinders, or any application where surface quality and dimensional accuracy directly impact performance, AISI 1045 TGP bars offer a proven, cost-effective solution that balances the inherent strength of medium-carbon steel with the precision requirements of modern machinery. The premium cost is typically justified by reduced assembly time, improved reliability, and superior operational performance. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1045 Steel, turned, ground, and polished, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <6069 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1045 Steel, turned, ground, and polished, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of AISI 1045 Steel, turned, ground, and polished, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers AISI 1045 Steel, turned, ground, and polished, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of AISI 1045 Steel, turned, ground, and polished, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 2540 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition