AISI 1065 Steel, cold drawn, spheroidized, annealed

AISI 1065 Steel, cold drawn, spheroidized, annealed, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1065 Steel, cold drawn, spheroidized, annealed, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

AISI 1065 Steel, cold drawn, spheroidized, annealed, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **Technical Data Sheet: AISI 1065 Steel, Cold Drawn & Spheroidized Annealed, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) Round** ## **1. Product Overview** AISI 1065 steel in cold drawn, spheroidized annealed condition represents a **high-carbon steel product engineered for maximum formability and precise machinability**. This specialized condition combines the dimensional accuracy of cold drawing with the exceptional ductility of a fully spheroidized microstructure, where cementite carbides exist as discrete spherical particles within a soft ferrite matrix. This unique structure provides the **highest possible ductility** for a 0.60-0.70% carbon steel, making it ideal for severe cold forming operations where maximum deformation without cracking is required, followed by subsequent heat treatment for high strength. ## **2. International Standard Specifications** This premium-grade product meets stringent international standards: | Standard System | Standard Number | Grade/Condition | Specific Requirements | |----------------|----------------|-----------------|----------------------| | **ASTM (USA)** | ASTM A108-19 | Grade 1065 | Cold-Finished Carbon Steel Bars | | **ASTM (USA)** | ASTM A29/A29M | 1065, Annealed | Spheroidized Annealed Condition | | **SAE (USA)** | SAE J403, J412 | 1065 | Standard Chemical Composition | | **UNS (USA)** | G10650 | - | Unified Numbering System | | **EN (Europe)** | EN 10083-2 | 1.0606 / C65 | Equivalent grade, soft annealed condition | | **ISO** | ISO 683-18 | Type C65E | Heat-treatable steels | | **JIS (Japan)** | JIS G4051 | S58C / SUP6 | Similar high-carbon steel grades | | **AMS** | AMS 2300 | - | Premium aircraft quality cleanliness (optional) | ## **3. Chemical Composition (Weight Percentage)** Precisely controlled chemistry optimized for spheroidization: | Element | Specification Range | Typical Value | Metallurgical Significance | |---------|-------------------|---------------|---------------------------| | **Carbon (C)** | 0.60-0.70% | 0.67% | Primary carbide former; determines carbide volume (~10-11%) | | **Manganese (Mn)** | 0.60-0.90% | 0.75% | Enhances hardenability; promotes uniform spheroidization | | **Silicon (Si)** | 0.15-0.35% | 0.22% | Deoxidizer; strengthens ferrite matrix slightly | | **Phosphorus (P)** | ≤ 0.035% | 0.015% | Minimized for maximum cold ductility | | **Sulfur (S)** | ≤ 0.040% | 0.018% | Controlled for optimal machinability/ductility balance | | **Chromium (Cr)** | ≤ 0.25% | ≤ 0.10% | Residual; kept low for consistent spheroidization | | **Aluminum (Al)** | 0.020-0.050% | 0.030% | Grain refinement; promotes spheroidization | | **Iron (Fe)** | Balance | Balance | Base matrix material | *Note: Compared to 1064, AISI 1065 typically has a tighter Mn range and slightly different typical carbon content, though specifications overlap.* ## **4. Manufacturing Process & Microstructural Characteristics** ### **4.1 Production Sequence:** 1. **Hot Rolling:** Initial breakdown to near-final dimensions 2. **Pickling/Descaling:** Complete scale removal 3. **Cold Drawing:** 15-30% area reduction for dimensional precision 4. **Spheroidize Annealing:** 690-720°C for 4-8 hours, slow furnace cool (5-10°C/hr) 5. **Final Inspection:** Complete QA verification ### **4.2 Spheroidized Microstructure:** - **Matrix Structure:** Equiaxed ferrite grains (ASTM 8-10) - **Carbide Morphology:** **Perfectly spheroidized cementite** (Fe₃C) particles - **Carbide Distribution:** Uniform dispersion throughout matrix - **Carbide Size:** 0.3-1.5 μm diameter (optimized for formability) - **Carbide Volume Fraction:** 10-11% (for 0.67% C) - **Prior Structure Elimination:** No lamellar pearlite remnants - **Microstructural Uniformity:** Excellent through cross-section ## **5. Mechanical Properties (Spheroidized Annealed Condition)** ### **5.1 Standard Mechanical Properties:** | Property | Value Range | Typical Value | Test Standard | Notes | |----------|-------------|---------------|---------------|-------| | **Tensile Strength** | 490-590 MPa | 540 MPa | ASTM E8/E8M | Optimized for maximum formability | | **Yield Strength (0.2%)** | 295-390 MPa | 342 MPa | ASTM E8/E8M | Low yield minimizes springback | | **Elongation (50 mm)** | 22-32% | 27% | ASTM E8/E8M | Exceptional ductility | | **Reduction of Area** | 55-70% | 62% | ASTM E8/E8M | Excellent formability indicator | | **Hardness (Brinell)** | 156-187 HB | 172 HB | ASTM E10 | Optimal for cold working | | **Hardness (Rockwell B)** | 80-90 HRB | 85 HRB | ASTM E18 | Consistent throughout | | **Modulus of Elasticity** | 200-205 GPa | 203 GPa | ASTM E111 | | | **Shear Modulus** | 78-80 GPa | 79 GPa | - | | | **True Fracture Strain** | 0.9-1.1 | 1.0 | - | Very high ductility | ### **5.2 Special Formability Properties:** | Property | Value Range | Test Method | Significance | |----------|-------------|-------------|--------------| | **Cold Bend Test** | 180° around 0.3T mandrel | ASTM A370 | Excellent formability | | **Charpy V-Notch Impact** | 45-65 J @ 20°C | ASTM E23 | Very good toughness | | **Machinability Rating** | 65-70% | Relative to B1112=100% | Good machinability | | **Strain Hardening Exponent (n)** | 0.10-0.16 | Very low | Minimal work hardening | | **Plastic Strain Ratio (r-value)** | 1.0-1.1 | Near isotropic | Uniform deformation | | **Maximum Cold Reduction** | 75-85% before annealing | Practical limit | Severe forming capability | ## **6. Physical Properties** | Property | Value | Conditions / Notes | |----------|-------|-------------------| | **Density** | 7.85 g/cm³ | At 20°C | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 48.0 W/m·K | At 100°C | | **Specific Heat Capacity** | 480 J/kg·K | At 20°C | | **Electrical Resistivity** | 0.0000168 Ω·m | At 20°C | | **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 11.7 μm/m·°C | 20-100°C range | | **Magnetic Properties** | Ferromagnetic | Below Curie point | | **Thermal Diffusivity** | 13.0 mm²/s | At 20°C | ## **7. Key Advantages & Characteristics** ### **Dimensional & Surface Quality:** - **Tight Tolerances:** Diameter tolerance ±0.08 mm (h10/h11) - **Superior Surface Finish:** 1.6-3.2 μm Ra typical - **Excellent Straightness:** ≤0.5 mm per 300 mm length - **Minimal Decarburization:** <0.08 mm total depth ### **Processing Advantages:** - **Optimal Cold Formability:** Maximum ductility for high-carbon steel - **Predictable Machinability:** Consistent tool life and chip formation - **Excellent Hardenability Response:** Uniform austenitization from spheroidized structure - **Minimal Residual Stresses:** From annealing after cold work - **Good Weldability (for condition):** Best possible for this carbon content ## **8. Heat Treatment Response** Ideal starting condition for subsequent heat treatment: | Subsequent Treatment | Parameters | Resulting Hardness | Key Applications | |---------------------|------------|-------------------|-----------------| | **Normalizing** | 870-900°C, air cool | 217-255 HB | Grain refinement after cold work | | **Full Hardening** | 820-840°C, oil quench | 62-66 HRC | Maximum hardness | | **Water Quenching** | 820-840°C, water quench | 64-67 HRC | Maximum hardness, thin sections | | **Tempering** | 150-650°C after quench | 25-58 HRC | Strength-toughness balance | | **Induction Hardening** | Surface heating + quench | Case: 55-63 HRC | Selective surface hardening | | **Austempering** | 820°C austenitize, 300-400°C salt bath | 40-52 HRC | Bainitic structure, good toughness | ## **9. Primary Applications** ### **Severe Cold Forming Components:** - **High-Strength Fasteners:** Grade 12.9 bolts, socket head cap screws, special fasteners - **Cold Forging Blanks:** Complex shapes requiring high deformation ratios - **Extrusion Components:** Parts with high reduction ratios (4:1 or higher) - **Upset Forging:** Valve bodies, fitting blanks, special formed heads - **Cold Heading:** High-strength nuts, bolts, rivets with severe head formations ### **Precision Machined Parts for Subsequent HT:** - **High-Strength Gears:** Automotive transmissions, industrial gearboxes - **Critical Shafts:** High-stress applications requiring precision before hardening - **Hydraulic Components:** Piston rods, valve spools for high-pressure systems - **Bearing Components:** Races, rollers requiring dimensional precision before hardening ### **Spring Manufacturing:** - **High-Stress Springs:** Valve springs, clutch springs, high-performance suspension springs - **Flat Springs:** Precision-formed spring components - **Torsion Bars:** Automotive and industrial applications - **Spring Clips:** High-retention force applications ### **Tooling & Die Applications:** - **Punch & Die Blanks:** For forming and cutting tools - **Mold Components:** Cavities, cores requiring intricate machining before hardening - **Fixtures & Jigs:** Precision tooling requiring dimensional stability - **Cutting Tool Blanks:** For tools requiring subsequent heat treatment ### **Automotive & Aerospace:** - **Transmission Components:** Gears, synchronizers, shift forks - **Engine Components:** Valvetrain parts, camshaft blanks - **Suspension Components:** High-stress bushings, linkage parts - **Aerospace Fasteners:** High-strength specialized fasteners ## **10. Fabrication Guidelines** ### **Cold Forming Parameters:** | Operation | Maximum Reduction | Lubrication | Special Considerations | |-----------|------------------|-------------|------------------------| | **Cold Forging** | 80-85% per operation | Zinc phosphate + soap | Intermediate annealing may be required | | **Extrusion** | 4:1 to 5:1 reduction | Polymer coatings | Die design critical for flow | | **Upsetting** | 3.5:1 height reduction | Special forging compounds | Support critical for buckling prevention | | **Bending** | 180° around 0.3T | Standard lubricants | Minimum radius 0.3× thickness | | **Deep Drawing** | Limited applications | Drawing compounds | Not primary application | ### **Machining Recommendations:** | Operation | Speed (m/min) | Feed (mm/rev) | Tool Material | Notes | |-----------|---------------|---------------|---------------|-------| | **Turning** | 30-45 | 0.15-0.30 | Coated carbide | Excellent chip control | | **Drilling** | 18-25 | 0.08-0.18 | HSS-Co or carbide | Good hole quality | | **Milling** | 25-35 | 0.10-0.25/tooth | Carbide end mills | Good surface finish achievable | | **Threading** | 10-20 | Pitch dependent | HSS ground form | Tapping possible with care | | **Grinding** | 25-30 m/s | - | Al₂O₃ wheels | Rarely needed in this condition | ### **Welding Considerations:** - **Generally Not Recommended:** For structural applications - **If Required:** Preheat 300-350°C, post-heat 600-650°C immediately - **Filler Metals:** Austenitic stainless (309L) or nickel-based alloys - **Alternative Approaches:** Mechanical fastening, brazing, or redesign ## **11. Quality Assurance** ### **Testing Requirements:** 1. **Chemical Analysis:** Full spectrographic analysis per heat 2. **Microstructural Examination:** Verification of spheroidized structure 3. **Hardness Testing:** Multiple positions across diameter 4. **Tensile Testing:** Each heat/lot certification 5. **Bend Testing:** For critical forming applications 6. **Surface Inspection:** Dimensional and finish verification 7. **Decarburization Check:** Max 0.10 mm total depth ### **Certification:** - **EN 10204 3.1 Certificate:** Standard delivery - **Heat Treatment Records:** Complete annealing cycle documentation - **Traceability:** Full from melt to final product - **Additional Testing:** Available upon request (impact, fatigue, etc.) ## **12. Comparison with Similar Grades** | Grade | Carbon Range | Spheroidized Hardness (HB) | Key Differentiator | |-------|-------------|---------------------------|-------------------| | **AISI 1065** | 0.60-0.70% | 156-187 | **Optimal for severe cold forming** | | AISI 1064 | 0.60-0.70% | 156-187 | Very similar; minor specification differences | | AISI 1060 | 0.55-0.65% | 149-179 | Slightly better machinability | | AISI 1070 | 0.65-0.75% | 163-197 | Higher potential hardness after HT | | AISI 1045 | 0.42-0.50% | 137-167 | Better machinability, lower hardenability | ## **13. Packaging & Handling** ### **Standard Packaging:** - **Bundle Size:** 500-1500 kg bundles - **Protection:** VCI paper or rust preventive coating - **Identification:** Heat number, grade, size, condition marked clearly - **Lengths:** Standard 3m, 4m, or 6m; cut lengths available ### **Special Handling Requirements:** - **Surface Sensitivity:** Soft material - protect from impact damage - **Storage:** Dry, indoor conditions essential - **Stacking:** Use wooden separators to prevent surface marking - **Transportation:** Secure properly to prevent abrasion ### **Weight per Meter:** | Diameter (mm) | Weight (kg/m) | Weight (lb/ft) | |--------------|---------------|----------------| | 19 | 2.23 | 1.50 | | 25 | 3.85 | 2.59 | | 32 | 6.31 | 4.24 | ## **14. Technical Limitations & Considerations** ### **Material Limitations:** - **Low As-Supplied Strength:** Not suitable for high-strength applications without HT - **Limited Wear Resistance:** Soft condition requires subsequent hardening for wear applications - **Not for Hot Working:** Optimized for cold forming only - **Weldability Concerns:** Difficult to weld without proper procedures ### **Design Considerations:** 1. **Allow for Heat Treatment Distortion:** Final dimensions after HT may vary 2. **Consider Decarburization:** May require stock allowance for machining after HT 3. **Account for Springback:** In cold forming, though minimized by low yield strength 4. **Plan for Intermediate Annealing:** For severe multi-step forming operations --- **TECHNICAL SUMMARY:** AISI 1065 in cold drawn, spheroidized annealed condition provides the **ultimate combination** of: 1. **Maximum cold formability** for severe deformation operations 2. **Excellent dimensional precision** from cold drawing 3. **Superior machinability** in the soft condition 4. **Optimal hardenability response** for subsequent heat treatment **This specialized condition is specifically recommended for:** - Components requiring extreme cold deformation before heat treatment - High-strength fasteners and parts manufactured by cold forging/heading - Precision parts needing excellent machinability before hardening - Applications where dimensional accuracy is critical before final heat treatment **The higher carbon content (0.60-0.70%) provides:** - Increased hardenability compared to lower carbon steels - Higher potential hardness after quenching (up to 66 HRC) - Better wear resistance potential in the hardened condition - Improved spring properties when used for spring applications **Note:** This condition represents a **premium material state** optimized for manufacturing processes requiring maximum formability followed by high strength through heat treatment. The additional cost is justified by reduced scrap rates in forming operations and superior final properties after heat treatment. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1065 Steel, cold drawn, spheroidized, annealed, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <4860 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1065 Steel, cold drawn, spheroidized, annealed, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of AISI 1065 Steel, cold drawn, spheroidized, annealed, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers AISI 1065 Steel, cold drawn, spheroidized, annealed, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of AISI 1065 Steel, cold drawn, spheroidized, annealed, 19-32 mm (0.75-1.25 in) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 1331 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition