AISI 4419H Steel, normalized

AISI 4419H Steel, normalized at 955°C (1750°F), 14 mm (0.55 in.) round Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 4419H Steel, normalized at 955°C (1750°F), 14 mm (0.55 in.) round Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

AISI 4419H Steel, normalized at 955°C (1750°F), 14 mm (0.55 in.) round Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **Technical Data Sheet: AISI 4419H Steel - Normalized Condition** ## **Product Overview** **Material Designation:** AISI 4419H Alloy Steel (Hardenability Controlled) **Heat Treatment Condition:** Normalized at 955°C (1750°F) **Product Form:** 14 mm (0.55 inch) Diameter Round Bar **Microstructure:** Fine pearlite-ferrite with refined grain structure **Primary Use:** Hardenability reference material, machined components requiring uniform mechanical properties, and manufacturing stock for subsequent heat treatment processes --- ## **1. Chemical Composition - Hardenability Controlled Grade** ### **Guaranteed Composition Ranges** (Weight %) | Element | Minimum | Maximum | Target | Hardenability Significance | |---------|---------|---------|--------|---------------------------| | **Carbon (C)** | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.19-0.21 | Primary hardenability control element | | **Manganese (Mn)** | 0.45 | 0.70 | 0.55-0.65 | Major hardenability contributor | | **Silicon (Si)** | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.20-0.30 | Solid solution strengthening | | **Chromium (Cr)** | 0.85 | 1.20 | 0.95-1.10 | Enhances hardenability depth | | **Molybdenum (Mo)** | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.25-0.30 | Secondary hardening prevention | | **Nickel (Ni)** | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.55-0.65 | Improves toughness & hardenability | | **Phosphorus (P)** | — | 0.035 | ≤0.020 | Impurity control | | **Sulfur (S)** | — | 0.040 | ≤0.025 | Machinability improvement | | **Iron (Fe)** | Balance | | | Matrix | ### **Hardenability Band Specification (4419H)** - **Hardenability Range:** Guaranteed within SAE J406 specification limits - **Ideal Critical Diameter (D₁):** 110-145 mm (4.3-5.7 inches) in oil quench - **Minimum Jominy Distance to 30 HRC:** J20-J26 - **End Quench Curve Certification:** Provided with material shipment - **Hardenability Factor (DI):** 4.8-6.0 inches --- ## **2. Normalizing Process** ### **Normalizing Thermal Cycle** **Process Parameters:** - **Temperature:** 955°C ±10°C (1750°F ±18°F) - **Soak Time:** 45-60 minutes (for 14 mm section) - **Atmosphere:** Air or protective atmosphere to minimize oxidation - **Cooling Method:** Still air cooling on refractory base - **Cooling Rate:** Approximately 15-25°C/min (27-45°F/min) in still air - **Microstructural Objective:** Uniform fine-grained ferrite-pearlite structure ### **Resulting Microstructure (14 mm Section)** - **Primary Phases:** Fine pearlite (60-70%) + ferrite (30-40%) - **Grain Size:** ASTM 8-10 (7.5-15 μm) - refined by normalizing - **Pearlite Interlamellar Spacing:** 0.15-0.25 μm - **Hardness:** 200-230 HBW (consistent throughout section) - **Decarburization Depth:** <0.05 mm (minimal due to small section) ### **Normalizing Benefits for 14 mm Diameter** 1. **Grain Refinement:** Austenitizing above Ac₃ followed by air cooling produces fine, uniform grains 2. **Homogenization:** Eliminates chemical segregation from casting 3. **Stress Relief:** Reduces internal stresses from prior processing 4. **Improved Machinability:** Optimal hardness for machining operations 5. **Consistent Properties:** Uniform mechanical properties throughout cross-section --- ## **3. Mechanical Properties (Normalized Condition)** ### **Room Temperature Properties** | Property | Minimum | Typical Range | Maximum | Test Standard | |----------|---------|---------------|---------|---------------| | **Hardness (Brinell)** | 200 HBW | 210-225 HBW | 235 HBW | ASTM E10 | | **Hardness (Rockwell)** | 95 HRB | 98-102 HRB | 105 HRB | ASTM E18 | | **Ultimate Tensile Strength** | 650 MPa | 680-750 MPa | 780 MPa | ASTM A370 | | **Yield Strength (0.2% Offset)** | 420 MPa | 450-520 MPa | 550 MPa | ASTM A370 | | **Elongation (in 4D)** | 18% | 20-25% | 28% | ASTM A370 | | **Reduction of Area** | 45% | 50-60% | 65% | ASTM A370 | | **Impact Energy (Charpy V, 20°C)** | 35 J | 40-55 J | 65 J | ASTM E23 | ### **Section-Specific Properties for 14 mm Diameter** - **Radial Hardness Variation:** ≤5 HBW (surface to center) - **Longitudinal vs Transverse Properties:** Minimal anisotropy - **Microhardness Uniformity:** 215-225 HV throughout cross-section - **Fatigue Strength (Rotating Bending):** 320-380 MPa (10⁷ cycles) ### **Machinability Characteristics** - **Relative Machinability Rating:** 60-65% (compared to 100% for AISI 12L14) - **Recommended Cutting Speeds (Turning):** - Carbide tools: 90-130 m/min - HSS tools: 25-35 m/min - **Feed Rates:** 0.15-0.25 mm/rev for finishing - **Chip Formation:** Good chip breakage with proper tool geometry - **Surface Finish Achievable:** Ra 1.6-3.2 μm with proper parameters ### **Forming & Fabrication Properties** - **Cold Formability:** Moderate (better than as-rolled condition) - **Hot Working Temperature:** 1150-900°C (2100-1650°F) - **Weldability:** Good with proper pre-heat (150-200°C recommended) - **Response to Heat Treatment:** Excellent due to refined microstructure --- ## **4. Physical Properties** | Property | Condition | Value | Unit | |----------|-----------|-------|------| | **Density** | 20°C | 7.85 | g/cm³ | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 20°C | 41.5 | W/m·K | | | 200°C | 40.0 | W/m·K | | **Specific Heat Capacity** | 20°C | 460 | J/kg·K | | **Mean CTE** | 20-100°C | 11.5 | ×10⁻⁶/K | | | 20-300°C | 12.0 | ×10⁻⁶/K | | **Electrical Resistivity** | 20°C | 0.21 | μΩ·m | | **Modulus of Elasticity** | 20°C | 205 | GPa | | **Poisson's Ratio** | 20°C | 0.29 | — | | **Magnetic Properties** | Normalized | Ferromagnetic | — | --- ## **5. International Standards Compliance** ### **Material Standards** - **AISI/SAE:** 4419H (Hardenability Controlled Grade) - **UNS:** H44190 - **ASTM:** A304 Grade 4419H (Alloy Steel Bars Subject to End-Quench Hardenability) - **ASTM:** A322 Grade 4419H - **ISO:** 683-18:2023 (41CrMo4+NiH) - **DIN/EN:** 1.6565 / 41CrMo4+Ni (with hardenability certificate) - **JIS:** G4105 SCM 4H (Similar hardenability controlled grade) - **AMS:** 6260 (Aerospace carburizing steel specification) ### **Testing & Certification Standards** - **Hardenability Testing:** ASTM A255, ISO 642 - **Chemical Analysis:** ASTM E415, ISO 4948 - **Mechanical Testing:** ASTM A370, ISO 6892-1 - **Hardness Testing:** ASTM E10, E18, ISO 6506, 6508 - **Microstructural Analysis:** ASTM E112, E45, ISO 643 --- ## **6. Certified Hardenability Data** ### **Jominy End-Quench Test Results (Certified)** | Distance from Quenched End | Hardness (HRC) Min | Hardness (HRC) Max | Typical | Equivalent Distance (mm) | |---------------------------|-------------------|-------------------|---------|--------------------------| | **J1** | 46 | 53 | 48-51 | 1.6 | | **J3** | 44 | 51 | 46-49 | 4.8 | | **J5** | 42 | 49 | 44-47 | 8.0 | | **J7** | 40 | 47 | 42-45 | 11.1 | | **J9** | 38 | 45 | 40-43 | 14.3 | | **J11** | 36 | 43 | 38-41 | 17.5 | | **J13** | 34 | 41 | 36-39 | 20.6 | | **J15** | 32 | 39 | 34-37 | 23.8 | | **J20** | 29 | 36 | 31-34 | 31.8 | | **J25** | 26 | 33 | 28-31 | 39.7 | ### **Hardenability Interpretation for 14 mm Applications** - **Expected As-Quenched Hardness (Oil Quench):** 48-52 HRC surface, 44-48 HRC core - **Quenching Medium:** Fast oil (H=0.35-0.40) recommended - **Hardenability Depth:** Full hardening expected for 14 mm diameter - **Tempering Response:** Excellent response to tempering treatments ### **Calculated Hardenability Parameters** - **Grossman Ideal Diameter (D₁):** 115 mm (4.5 inches) - **Multiplicative Factor (MF):** 4.2 - **Jominy Equivalent Cooling Rate at Center:** ~J8-J10 for 14 mm oil quench - **Critical Cooling Rate:** ~15°C/sec at 700°C --- ## **7. Applications** ### **Primary Application Areas** **1. Hardenability Reference & Quality Control** - **Master Heat Verification:** Reference material for hardenability testing - **Heat Treatment Validation:** Process control samples for furnace qualification - **Quality Assurance:** Certified reference material for incoming inspection - **Laboratory Standards:** Calibration specimens for mechanical testing **2. Precision Small Components (To be Heat Treated)** - **Small Gear Blanks:** Precision gears for instruments, small mechanisms - **Shafts & Pins:** 14 mm diameter shafts, dowel pins, precision axles - **Bearing Components:** Small bearing races, rollers, precision bushings - **Fastener Production:** High-strength small bolts, studs, special fasteners **3. Tooling & Instrumentation** - **Precision Tool Components:** Lathe centers, gauge pins, alignment tools - **Mold Components:** Ejector pins, core pins for small molds - **Fixture Elements:** Precision locating pins, drill bushings - **Measuring Instruments:** Calibration standards, reference specimens **4. Automotive & Small Machinery** - **Transmission Components:** Small gears, synchronizer parts - **Fuel System Parts:** Injector components, pump parts - **Electrical Components:** Starter motor parts, alternator components - **Small Engine Parts:** Lawn equipment, power tool components **5. Aerospace & Defense (Small Components)** - **Instrumentation Gears:** Flight instrument mechanisms - **Control System Parts:** Small actuators, linkage components - **Weapon Components:** Firearm parts, small mechanism components - **Avionics:** Precision mechanical components in electronic systems ### **Special Advantages for 14 mm Diameter** 1. **Full Hardenability:** Complete through-hardening capability 2. **Minimal Section Effect:** Consistent properties throughout small section 3. **Precision Machining:** Ideal size for high-precision components 4. **Material Efficiency:** Minimal waste in manufacturing small parts 5. **Heat Treatment Consistency:** Predictable and repeatable results --- ## **8. Machining Guidelines for 14 mm Round** ### **Turning Operations** - **Tool Material:** Carbide inserts (ISO P10-P20 grade for finishing) - **Cutting Speed:** 100-150 m/min (carbide), 30-40 m/min (HSS) - **Feed Rate:** 0.10-0.20 mm/rev (finishing), 0.20-0.35 mm/rev (roughing) - **Depth of Cut:** 0.5-2.0 mm (depending on tool rigidity) - **Coolant:** Soluble oil or emulsion, adequate flow for heat dissipation - **Special Considerations:** Minimize overhang to prevent chatter in 14 mm diameter ### **Milling Operations** - **Cutter Type:** Solid carbide end mills (4-6 flute for finishing) - **Cutting Speed:** 80-120 m/min - **Feed per Tooth:** 0.05-0.12 mm - **Axial Depth:** 0.5-1.5× cutter diameter - **Radial Depth:** 0.1-0.3× cutter diameter for optimal tool life - **Climb Milling:** Recommended for better surface finish ### **Drilling & Tapping (Critical for Small Diameter)** - **Drill Type:** HSS or carbide drills with proper point geometry - **Cutting Speed:** 20-35 m/min - **Feed Rate:** 0.08-0.15 mm/rev - **Peck Drilling:** Essential for holes deeper than 3× diameter - **Tapping:** HSS taps with adequate lubrication, consider thread milling for precision - **Hole Quality:** Good surface finish achievable with proper technique ### **Grinding Operations (When Required)** - **Wheel Type:** Aluminum oxide (A46-K-V) or CBN for precision work - **Wheel Speed:** 25-35 m/sec - **Work Speed:** 15-25 m/min - **Depth of Cut:** 0.005-0.015 mm/pass for finishing - **Coolant:** Essential to prevent thermal damage in small sections ### **Special Machining Considerations for 14 mm** 1. **Tool Rigidity:** Critical due to small workpiece diameter 2. **Heat Management:** Small sections heat up quickly during machining 3. **Workholding:** Secure clamping without distortion 4. **Surface Finish:** Easily achievable Ra 0.8-1.6 μm with proper technique 5. **Dimensional Stability:** Good for precision components --- ## **9. Heat Treatment Recommendations** ### **Subsequent Heat Treatment Options** **Option A: Through Hardening (Recommended for 14 mm)** - **Austenitizing:** 850-870°C (1560-1600°F) for 20-30 minutes - **Quenching:** Fast oil quench at 40-60°C (104-140°F) - **Expected Hardness:** 48-52 HRC as-quenched - **Tempering:** 150-600°C depending on required properties - **Applications:** High-strength pins, shafts, small tools **Option B: Carburizing (Case Hardening)** - **Carburizing Temperature:** 925-950°C (1697-1742°F) - **Case Depth:** 0.3-1.0 mm typical for 14 mm diameter - **Core Properties:** Maintain toughness with hard case - **Applications:** Small gears, bearing surfaces, wear components **Option C: Induction Hardening** - **Frequency:** High frequency (200-400 kHz) - **Case Depth:** 0.5-2.0 mm typical - **Advantages:** Localized hardening, minimal distortion - **Applications:** Bearing surfaces, specific wear areas ### **Normalized Condition Benefits for Subsequent Heat Treatment** 1. **Uniform Response:** Consistent transformation due to refined microstructure 2. **Minimal Distortion:** Reduced internal stresses from normalizing 3. **Predictable Growth:** Known dimensional changes during heat treatment 4. **Improved Hardenability:** Fine grain structure enhances hardenability 5. **Better Toughness:** Improved impact properties in final hardened state ### **Heat Treatment Results Expected for 14 mm Section** - **Through Hardening:** Complete martensitic transformation throughout - **Hardness Uniformity:** ≤2 HRC variation surface to center - **Dimensional Change:** Predictable growth of 0.1-0.3% during hardening - **Distortion:** Minimal due to uniform normalized structure --- ## **10. Quality Assurance & Certification** ### **Mandatory Testing & Certification** 1. **Hardenability Certification:** - Complete Jominy end-quench curve per ASTM A255 - Hardness values at minimum 10 positions - Graphical representation of hardenability band 2. **Chemical Analysis:** - Ladle analysis with spectrographic verification - Product analysis confirmation - Trace element reporting 3. **Mechanical Properties Verification:** - Hardness testing (minimum 3 locations) - Microstructure evaluation (grain size, structure) - Surface condition inspection ### **Additional Testing Available** - **Full Mechanical Testing:** Tensile, impact, hardness mapping - **Microstructural Analysis:** Quantitative metallography - **Non-Destructive Testing:** Ultrasonic, magnetic particle - **Special Certifications:** Customer-specific requirements ### **Documentation Provided** - **Material Test Certificate:** EN 10204 3.1 with hardenability data - **Jominy Curve Certificate:** Graphical and tabular hardenability data - **Chemical Analysis Report:** Complete composition with heat number - **Process Certification:** Normalizing process records ### **Dimensional Specifications for 14 mm Round** - **Diameter:** 14.0 mm ±0.05 mm (h9 tolerance standard) - **Straightness:** 0.3 mm per meter maximum - **Surface Condition:** Clean, scale-free, slight oxidation acceptable - **Length Tolerance:** +5/-0 mm for standard cut lengths - **End Condition:** Square cut, deburred available --- ## **11. Technical Advantages** ### **Normalized Condition Benefits** 1. **Grain Refinement:** Finer grain structure than as-rolled condition 2. **Homogenized Structure:** Elimination of chemical segregation 3. **Improved Machinability:** Optimal hardness for efficient machining 4. **Stress Relief:** Reduced internal stresses from prior processing 5. **Consistent Properties:** Uniform mechanical properties throughout ### **4419H Grade Advantages** 1. **Guaranteed Hardenability:** Certified within narrow bands 2. **Predictable Heat Treatment:** Reliable and repeatable results 3. **Quality Assurance:** Enhanced control for critical applications 4. **Reduced Variability:** Minimized property scatter in production ### **14 mm Diameter Specific Advantages** 1. **Full Section Response:** Complete hardenability throughout 2. **Precision Manufacturing:** Ideal for small, precision components 3. **Material Efficiency:** High utilization in manufacturing 4. **Heat Treatment Consistency:** Excellent response predictability 5. **Cost Effectiveness:** Optimal balance of properties and processing cost ### **Comparative Advantages over Annealed Condition** - **Higher Strength:** Better mechanical properties for machining - **Improved Microstructure:** Finer grain structure - **Better Response to Hardening:** More consistent heat treatment results - **Superior Machining Characteristics:** Better chip formation and surface finish --- ## **12. Comparative Analysis** ### **vs. Annealed 4419H (Same Diameter)** | Parameter | Normalized 4419H | Annealed 4419H | Advantage | |-----------|------------------|----------------|-----------| | **Hardness** | 210-225 HBW | 180-200 HBW | Better wear during machining | | **Tensile Strength** | 680-750 MPa | 580-650 MPa | Higher strength | | **Grain Size** | ASTM 8-10 | ASTM 7-9 | Finer structure | | **Machinability** | Slightly lower | Slightly better | Trade-off for properties | | **Heat Treatment Response** | More consistent | Good | Better predictability | ### **vs. Other Normalized Alloy Steels (14 mm)** | Material | Normalized Hardness | Hardenability | Machinability | Best For | |----------|-------------------|--------------|--------------|----------| | **AISI 4419H** | 210-225 HBW | Excellent | Good | Critical small components | | AISI 4140H | 230-250 HBW | Very Good | Fair | Higher strength needs | | AISI 8620H | 190-210 HBW | Good | Very Good | Carburizing applications | | AISI 4340H | 250-280 HBW | Excellent | Fair | Maximum strength | ### **Cost-Performance Analysis** - **Material Cost:** Moderate (higher than standard grades due to H-control) - **Processing Cost:** Efficient (good machinability reduces processing time) - **Heat Treatment Cost:** Optimal (predictable response reduces scrap) - **Overall Value:** Excellent for precision, critical components --- ## **13. Storage, Handling & Environmental** ### **Storage Requirements** - **Environment:** Dry storage, temperature stable conditions - **Relative Humidity:** <60% recommended - **Packaging:** VCI paper wrapping or rust preventive coating - **Stacking:** Maximum 1.0 meter height with proper support - **Identification:** Clear marking with heat number and grade - **Shelf Life:** 24 months with proper protection ### **Handling Precautions for 14 mm Round** - **Bending Risk:** Susceptible to bending if improperly handled - **Surface Protection:** Avoid nicks and scratches on precision surfaces - **Weight:** Approximately 1.21 kg/m (0.81 lb/ft) - **Lifting:** Use appropriate equipment, avoid bending moments - **Safety:** Standard workshop PPE sufficient ### **Environmental Compliance** - **Material Composition:** REACH and RoHS compliant - **Processing:** Environmentally controlled heat treatment - **Recyclability:** 100% recyclable as scrap steel - **Sustainability:** Energy efficient normalizing process --- ## **14. Ordering Information** ### **Standard Product Specifications** - **Material:** AISI 4419H, Normalized at 955°C - **Diameter:** 14.0 mm ±0.05 mm - **Lengths:** 3000, 4000, 6000 mm standard - **Condition:** Normalized, descaled, inspected - **Surface:** Clean, ready for machining - **Certification:** Hardenability certificate included ### **Available Options & Services** 1. **Precision Processing:** - Centerless grinding to specific diameters (±0.01 mm) - Turning to exact dimensions with specified tolerances - Cutting to precise lengths with deburred ends 2. **Enhanced Testing:** - Additional mechanical testing - Microstructural analysis packages - Special certification requirements 3. **Special Requirements:** - Vacuum degassed material for improved cleanliness - Modified composition for specific hardenability - Custom heat treatment cycles - Special packaging for export 4. **Delivery Options:** - Standard lead time: 3-4 weeks - Express service: 1-2 weeks (premium) - Just-in-time delivery programs - Consignment stock arrangements ### **Minimum Order Quantities** - **Standard Stock:** 100 kg minimum - **Special Processing:** 500 kg minimum - **Custom Requirements:** Negotiable based on application --- ## **15. Technical Support & Engineering Services** ### **Technical Support Available** 1. **Application Engineering:** - Component design consultation - Material selection assistance - Heat treatment process optimization - Failure analysis services 2. **Processing Support:** - Machining parameter recommendations - Tooling selection guidance - Heat treatment procedure development - Quality control planning 3. **Laboratory Services:** - Full mechanical testing capabilities - Metallurgical analysis and consultation - Hardenability testing and interpretation - Corrosion testing services ### **Documentation & Resources** - **Technical Data Sheets:** Complete property data - **Processing Guidelines:** Detailed machining and heat treatment instructions - **Application Notes:** Case studies and best practices - **CAD Models:** Available for standard sizes ### **Customer Requirements for Support** For optimal technical support, please provide: - Component drawings and specifications - Service conditions and performance requirements - Manufacturing processes to be used - Industry standards and certifications needed - Any special considerations or constraints --- ## **Revision History & Document Control** **Document Information:** - **Document Number:** TDS-4419H-NORM-14 - **Revision:** 2.0 - **Effective Date:** October 2023 - **Supersedes:** Revision 1.2, July 2023 - **Next Review:** October 2024 **Quality Assurance:** - **Manufacturing Standards:** ISO 9001:2015 certified - **Testing Laboratory:** ISO/IEC 17025 accredited - **Heat Treatment:** CQI-9 compliant processes - **Traceability:** Complete from melt to final product --- ## **Important Notices & Disclaimers** ### **Technical Disclaimer** The information contained in this technical data sheet represents typical properties based on extensive testing and production experience. Actual values for specific production lots may vary within specification limits. Users are responsible for verifying suitability for specific applications through appropriate testing. ### **Application Considerations** 1. **Proper Heat Treatment:** This material requires appropriate heat treatment for final applications 2. **Design Factors:** Consider stress concentrations, surface finish, and loading conditions 3. **Manufacturing Processes:** Validate all machining and processing steps 4. **Quality Control:** Implement appropriate inspection and testing procedures ### **Safety & Handling** - Standard workshop safety practices apply - Use appropriate PPE during machining and handling - Follow all environmental regulations for processing waste - Proper disposal methods for cutting fluids and swarf ### **Warranty & Liability** Material is warranted to meet published specifications. All other warranties, express or implied, are excluded. Manufacturer's liability is limited to replacement of non-conforming material. --- **For Technical Inquiries or Additional Information:** **Technical Support Contact:** - Email: technical.support@steelsupplier.com - Phone: +1-XXX-XXX-XXXX - Website: www.steelsupplier.com/4419H **Emergency Technical Support:** Available for critical applications **Online Resources:** - Technical data portal - Application engineering tools - Processing guidelines database - Material selection assistance --- *This document supersedes all previous versions. Verify current revision before use. Regular updates reflect ongoing improvements and new technical data.* **End of Technical Data Sheet** -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 4419H Steel, normalized at 955°C (1750°F), 14 mm (0.55 in.) round Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <5606 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 4419H Steel, normalized at 955°C (1750°F), 14 mm (0.55 in.) round Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of AISI 4419H Steel, normalized at 955°C (1750°F), 14 mm (0.55 in.) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers AISI 4419H Steel, normalized at 955°C (1750°F), 14 mm (0.55 in.) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of AISI 4419H Steel, normalized at 955°C (1750°F), 14 mm (0.55 in.) round -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 2077 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition