3D Systems,LaserForm® 316L (A) FULL ANNEAL Stainless Steel Sheet,Plate Material

3D Systems LaserForm® 316L (A) FULL ANNEAL Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate Material Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: 3D Systems LaserForm® 316L (A) FULL ANNEAL Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate Material Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

3D Systems LaserForm® 316L (A) FULL ANNEAL Stainless Steel Material Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **3D Systems LaserForm® 316L (A) FULL ANNEAL Stainless Steel Material** ## **Product Overview** **3D Systems LaserForm® 316L (A) FULL ANNEAL** is a premium austenitic stainless steel powder material engineered for Direct Metal Printing (DMP) technology, processed to achieve a **fully annealed metallurgical condition**. This specialized post-processing treatment transforms the as-built additive manufacturing microstructure into a homogeneous, recrystallized austenite structure with maximum corrosion resistance, ductility, and dimensional stability. The full annealing process eliminates manufacturing-induced stresses, dissolves undesirable secondary phases, and restores the material to its optimal thermodynamic equilibrium state, making it suitable for the most demanding corrosion-resistant applications and severe forming operations. --- ## **TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS** ### **Manufacturing & Processing Specification** | Parameter | Specification | |-----------|---------------| | **Primary Process** | Direct Metal Printing (DMP) / Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) | | **Post-Process Treatment** | **Full Annealing** per defined thermal cycle | | **Compatible Systems** | 3D Systems ProX DMP 200/300, DMP Factory 350/500/850 | | **Build Volume** | Up to 500 × 500 × 500 mm (system dependent) | | **Recommended Layer Thickness** | 30-40 μm (optimized for annealing response) | | **Atmosphere Control** | High-purity argon (< 30 ppm O₂) during build | | **Annealing Atmosphere** | High-vacuum (< 10⁻⁵ mbar) or high-purity hydrogen | ### **Material Composition (wt%, Powder Specification)** | Element | Target Range | Metallurgical Function in Full Anneal Condition | |---------|--------------|-----------------------------------| | **Chromium (Cr)** | 17.0-18.5 | Primary passive film formation, corrosion resistance | | **Nickel (Ni)** | 11.0-13.0 | Complete austenite stabilization, phase equilibrium | | **Molybdenum (Mo)** | 2.2-2.8 | Enhanced resistance to pitting/crevice corrosion | | **Manganese (Mn)** | 1.2-2.0 | Austenite stabilization, sulfide control | | **Silicon (Si)** | 0.40-0.70 | Deoxidizer, promotes oxide film integrity | | **Carbon (C)** | ≤ 0.020 | **Ultra-low to prevent carbide precipitation** | | **Nitrogen (N)** | 0.06-0.12 | Austenite stabilizer, strength without sensitization | | **Copper (Cu)** | ≤ 0.30 | Optional for specific applications | | **Phosphorus (P)** | ≤ 0.018 | Impurity control (enhanced purity) | | **Sulfur (S)** | ≤ 0.008 | Impurity control (enhanced purity) | | **Boron (B)** | ≤ 0.001 | Trace element control | | **Iron (Fe)** | Balance | Matrix | *Composition optimized for complete austenitization and carbide dissolution during full annealing* ### **Powder Characteristics (Virgin Powder)** | Property | Specification | Test Method | |----------|---------------|-------------| | **Particle Size Distribution** | D10: 22-27 μm, D50: 32-38 μm, D90: 47-53 μm | ASTM B822 | | **Particle Morphology** | > 96% spherical, minimal satellites | SEM/Image Analysis | | **Apparent Density** | 4.0-4.3 g/cm³ | ASTM B212 | | **Tap Density** | 4.8-5.1 g/cm³ | ASTM B527 | | **Flowability** | 25-30 s/50g | Hall Flowmeter | | **Oxygen Content** | < 350 ppm | Inert gas fusion | | **Moisture Content** | < 0.015% | Karl Fischer | | **Recyclability** | > 75% after 5 cycles with controlled refresh | 3D Systems Protocol | --- ## **FULL ANNEALING PROTOCOL** ### **Standard Full Annealing Thermal Cycle** | Parameter | Specification | Purpose | |-----------|---------------|---------| | **Heating Rate** | ≤ 150°C/hour to 600°C, then ≤ 100°C/hour to annealing temperature | Minimize thermal stresses | | **Annealing Temperature** | 1050-1100°C ± 10°C (1922-2012°F) | Complete austenitization, carbide dissolution | | **Hold Time** | 1 hour per 25 mm thickness (minimum 2 hours) | Full recrystallization and homogenization | | **Atmosphere** | High-vacuum (< 10⁻⁵ mbar) or dry hydrogen (dew point < -40°C) | Prevent oxidation, decarburization | | **Cooling Rate** | Controlled furnace cooling at 50-100°C/hour to 500°C | Prevent carbide re-precipitation | | **Final Cooling** | Air cool from 500°C to room temperature | Complete transformation | | **Maximum Load Temperature** | 200°C (392°F) for loading/unloading | Safety consideration | ### **Microstructural Transformation During Full Annealing** | Microstructural Feature | As-Built Condition | After Full Annealing | Metallurgical Significance | |------------------------|-------------------|----------------------|---------------------------| | **Grain Structure** | Columnar, textured | Equiaxed, recrystallized (ASTM 6-8) | Eliminates anisotropy | | **Austenite Stability** | Potentially metastable | Fully stable, single-phase | Maximum corrosion resistance | | **Carbide Precipitation** | Possible at cell boundaries | Completely dissolved | Prevents sensitization | | **Dislocation Density** | Very high (10¹⁴-10¹⁵ m⁻²) | Low (10¹⁰-10¹¹ m⁻²) | Maximizes ductility | | **Residual Stress** | High (200-400 MPa) | < 20 MPa (virtually eliminated) | Dimensional stability | | **δ-Ferrite Content** | 0-3% (process dependent) | 0% (fully austenitic) | Phase purity | --- ## **MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (After Full Annealing)** ### **Tensile Properties (ASTM E8/E8M, Room Temperature)** | Orientation | Ultimate Tensile Strength | Yield Strength (0.2%) | Elongation | Reduction of Area | |-------------|---------------------------|-----------------------|------------|-------------------| | **Horizontal (XY)** | 520-580 MPa | 220-280 MPa | 50-65% | 70-80% | | **Vertical (Z)** | 510-570 MPa | 210-270 MPa | 48-62% | 68-78% | | **45° Diagonal** | 515-575 MPa | 215-275 MPa | 49-63% | 69-79% | *Note: Properties represent minimum guaranteed values after proper full annealing* ### **Comprehensive Mechanical Properties** | Property | After Full Annealing | Test Standard | Notes | |----------|----------------------|---------------|-------| | **Hardness** | 150-180 HV (70-80 HRB) | ASTM E92/E18 | Consistent throughout section | | **Impact Toughness** | > 150 J | ASTM E23 | Charpy V-notch, 22°C | | **Fatigue Strength** | 250-280 MPa | ASTM E466 | R = -1, 10⁷ cycles | | **Young's Modulus** | 193-200 GPa | ASTM E111 | Isotropic behavior | | **Shear Strength** | 320-360 MPa | ASTM B831 | | | **Compressive Strength** | 550-650 MPa | ASTM E9 | | | **Bearing Strength** | 700-800 MPa | ASTM E238 | | | **Fracture Toughness (KIC)** | > 200 MPa√m | ASTM E399 | Extremely high toughness | | **Fatigue Crack Growth Rate** | da/dN < 10⁻⁸ m/cycle (ΔK=10 MPa√m) | ASTM E647 | Excellent fatigue resistance | ### **Cryogenic & Elevated Temperature Performance** | Temperature | Yield Strength | Impact Toughness | Application Notes | |-------------|---------------|------------------|-------------------| | **-269°C (-452°F)** | 1200-1400 MPa | > 100 J | Liquid helium service | | **-196°C (-321°F)** | 900-1100 MPa | > 120 J | Liquid nitrogen service | | **-100°C (-148°F)** | 650-750 MPa | > 140 J | Cryogenic processing | | **200°C (392°F)** | 180-230 MPa | > 130 J | Elevated temperature service | | **400°C (752°F)** | 150-190 MPa | > 110 J | Moderate temperature | | **600°C (1112°F)** | 120-150 MPa | > 90 J | Short-term exposure limit | --- ## **PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (Full Annealed Condition)** | Property | Value | Conditions/Notes | |----------|-------|------------------| | **Density** | 7.98-8.02 g/cm³ | > 99.7% dense per ASTM B962 | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 15.5 W/m·K | 20°C, fully annealed | | **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 16.0 × 10⁻⁶/K | 20-200°C | | **Specific Heat Capacity** | 500 J/kg·K | 20°C | | **Electrical Resistivity** | 0.74 μΩ·m | 20°C | | **Magnetic Permeability** | Paramagnetic (μ ≈ 1.005-1.010) | Fully austenitic, non-magnetic | | **Melting Range** | 1370-1400°C | Solidus-Liquidus | | **Thermal Neutron Cross Section** | ~3.1 barns | For nuclear applications | --- ## **CORROSION PERFORMANCE (Full Annealed Condition)** ### **Standard Corrosion Tests** | Test Environment | Performance Rating | Test Method | Specific Results | |------------------|-------------------|-------------|-----------------| | **Salt Spray** | > 1500 hours to red rust | ASTM B117 | Unpolished surface | | **Critical Pitting Temperature** | > 40°C | ASTM G150 | 1M NaCl solution | | **Critical Crevice Temperature** | > 30°C | ASTM G48 Method D | | | **Intergranular Corrosion** | Complete immunity | ASTM A262 Practices A-E | No sensitization possible | | **Stress Corrosion Cracking** | Immune (no failure) | ASTM G36, G39 | Boiling MgCl₂, U-bend tests | | **Potentiodynamic Polarization** | E_pit > 450 mV | ASTM G61 | 3.5% NaCl, SCE reference | | **Electrochemical Impedance** | Rp > 10⁶ Ω·cm² | ASTM G106 | Long-term corrosion resistance | ### **Chemical Compatibility (Selected Environments)** | Chemical | Concentration | Temperature Limit | Rating | |----------|---------------|-------------------|--------| | **Nitric Acid** | Up to 65% | Boiling | Excellent | | **Phosphoric Acid** | Up to 85% | 100°C | Excellent | | **Sulfuric Acid** | 0-10% | 50°C | Good | | **Sulfuric Acid** | 10-50% | 30°C | Fair (consult charts) | | **Acetic Acid** | All concentrations | Boiling | Excellent | | **Sodium Hydroxide** | Up to 50% | 100°C | Excellent | | **Ammonium Hydroxide** | All concentrations | Boiling | Excellent | | **Hydrochloric Acid** | Any concentration | Not recommended | Poor | ### **Specialized Corrosion Resistance** - **Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion:** Excellent resistance due to high Mo content - **Galvanic Corrosion:** Cathodic to most engineering alloys - **Erosion-Corrosion:** Good resistance up to 30 m/s flow velocities - **Cavitation Erosion:** Moderate resistance (requires hardening for severe service) --- ## **DESIGN FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING & ANNEALING** ### **Geometric Guidelines for Annealing Response** | Parameter | Recommendation | Rationale | |-----------|----------------|-----------| | **Minimum Wall Thickness** | 0.5 mm (uniform annealing) | Ensures complete thermal penetration | | **Maximum Section Thickness** | 100 mm (standard), 200 mm (extended cycle) | Annealing time increases with thickness | | **Section Transitions** | Gradual (4:1 ratio maximum) | Prevents thermal stress during annealing | | **Internal Cavities** | Minimum 5 mm access ports | Allows annealing atmosphere penetration | | **Surface Area to Volume Ratio** | > 5:1 preferred | Optimizes annealing uniformity | | **Feature Size** | Minimum 0.4 mm (post-annealing) | Accounts for potential slight rounding | ### **Annealing-Specific Design Considerations** 1. **Thermal Mass Distribution:** Uniform cross-sections promote even annealing 2. **Stress Concentration Features:** All sharp corners must be radiused (minimum R2.0 mm) 3. **Support Structure Design:** Consider annealing distortion when planning support locations 4. **Dimensional Tolerance:** Allow ±0.2% dimensional change during annealing 5. **Surface Finish Requirements:** Annealing may increase surface roughness by 10-20% --- ## **PRIMARY APPLICATIONS** ### **Chemical Processing Industry** - **Pressure Vessels & Reactors:** ASME Code Stamp components for corrosive service - **Heat Exchangers:** Shell & tube, plate type for aggressive media - **Distillation Columns:** Trays, packing supports, internals - **Piping Systems:** High-purity chemical transfer lines, fittings - **Valves & Pumps:** Severe service components for acids/caustics ### **Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology** - **Bioreactors & Fermenters:** USP Class VI compliant components - **Ultra-Pure Water Systems:** WFI (Water for Injection) distribution components - **Process Vessels:** Mixing, reaction, holding vessels - **Filtration Systems:** Housings, membranes supports - **Cleanroom Equipment:** Components requiring autoclave sterilization ### **Nuclear Industry** - **Fuel Handling Equipment:** Non-magnetic tools for reactor service - **Cooling System Components:** Primary and secondary cooling circuits - **Waste Processing Equipment:** Containers, processing vessels - **Instrumentation Housings:** Radiation-resistant enclosures - **Maintenance Tools:** Corrosion-resistant specialized tools ### **Marine & Offshore** - **Sea Water Piping:** Cooling water systems, ballast systems - **Desalination Plants:** RO membranes, high-pressure pumps - **Subsea Components:** Long-term immersion applications - **Shipboard Chemical Tanks:** Storage and processing equipment - **Offshore Platform Components:** Safety-critical corrosion-resistant parts ### **Food & Beverage Processing** - **Brewery Equipment:** Mash tuns, fermenters, bright tanks - **Dairy Processing:** Pasteurizers, homogenizers, storage tanks - **Food Cooking/Processing:** Steam jacketed kettles, cookers - **Bottling/Cannery Lines:** Product contact surfaces - **Sanitary Fittings:** Tri-clamp, bevel seat fittings ### **Medical & Surgical** - **Surgical Instruments:** Premium corrosion-resistant tools - **Implantable Device Housings:** Long-term biocompatibility - **Sterilization Equipment:** Autoclave components, trays - **Diagnostic Equipment:** MRI-compatible components - **Dental Equipment:** Autoclaveable instruments, tools --- ## **POST-PROCESSING & FINISHING** ### **Machining (After Full Annealing)** - **Tool Material:** High-speed steel (M2, M42) or carbide (K10-K20) - **Cutting Speed:** 45-70 m/min (turning operations) - **Feed Rate:** 0.20-0.35 mm/rev - **Depth of Cut:** 1.5-4.0 mm (excellent chip control) - **Chip Formation:** Long, continuous chips – chip breakers essential - **Coolant:** Water-soluble oils recommended - **Surface Finish:** Achievable Ra 0.4-0.8 μm with proper technique ### **Surface Enhancement Treatments** - **Electropolishing:** Standard treatment, removes 25-100 μm, Ra < 0.2 μm - **Passivation:** Nitric acid (20-50%) at 50-60°C for 30 minutes per ASTM A967 - **Mechanical Polishing:** Progressive grit to mirror finish (Ra < 0.05 μm) - **Bead Blasting:** Uniform matte finish, improves surface compressive stress - **Coloring & Decorative Finishes:** Excellent substrate for PVD coatings, anodizing alternatives ### **Forming & Fabrication** - **Cold Working:** Excellent formability (can achieve 80% reduction) - **Deep Drawing:** Limiting drawing ratio 2.0-2.2 - **Spinning & Flow Forming:** Ideal for axisymmetric components - **Bending:** Minimum bend radius 1.0t (annealed condition) - **Joining:** All fusion and solid-state welding methods applicable --- ## **QUALITY STANDARDS & CERTIFICATIONS** | Standard | Applicability | Compliance Status | |----------|---------------|-------------------| | **ASTM A240/A240M** | Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip | Fully compliant | | **ASME SA-240** | Pressure Vessel Quality | Certified test data available | | **ASTM A479/A479M** | Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes for Pressure Vessels | Compliant | | **ISO 9328-2** | Flat products for pressure purposes | Tested to requirements | | **ASTM F3184** | 316L for Additive Manufacturing | Fully compliant | | **EN 10088-2** | Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip | Compliant | | **NACE MR0175/ISO 15156** | Materials for use in H₂S-containing environments | Fully compliant | | **FDA CFR 21** | Food contact applications | Material composition compliant | ### **Testing & Documentation Package** - **Full Chemical Analysis:** ICP-OES, combustion analysis for C/S/N - **Mechanical Testing:** Full tensile, impact, hardness mapping - **Metallographic Analysis:** Grain size, inclusion rating, phase analysis - **Corrosion Testing:** Full ASTM corrosion test suite available - **Certification:** 3.2 Material Certificate per EN 10204 --- ## **STORAGE & HANDLING** ### **Powder Management** - **Storage Life:** 24 months in original argon-purged packaging - **Storage Conditions:** < 35% relative humidity, 15-25°C - **Handling:** Inert atmosphere glove box recommended for extended exposure - **Safety:** NFPA 484 combustible metals standard compliance ### **Annealing Facility Requirements** - **Furnace Type:** Vacuum or atmosphere-controlled with recording capability - **Temperature Uniformity:** ±8°C throughout work zone - **Heating Elements:** Molybdenum, graphite, or silicon carbide - **Atmosphere Control:** Capable of < 10⁻⁵ mbar vacuum or dew point < -50°C - **Cooling Control:** Programmable cooling rate capability - **Load Capacity:** Appropriate for part size and quantity --- ## **TECHNICAL SUPPORT SERVICES** - **Annealing Protocol Development:** Custom cycles for specific geometries - **Distortion Compensation:** Design modification for annealing effects - **Application Engineering:** Material selection for corrosive services - **Failure Analysis:** Comprehensive metallurgical investigation - **Quality Assurance:** Development of inspection and testing protocols --- ## **ORDERING INFORMATION** | Item | Specification | |------|---------------| | **Standard Packaging** | 5 kg, 10 kg, 20 kg argon-sealed containers | | **Full Annealing Service** | Available as optional service (certified process) | | **Lead Time** | 3-8 weeks (depending on quantity and certification) | | **Documentation** | Certificate of Analysis, MSDS, Annealing Certificate | | **Custom Testing** | Available for application-specific requirements | --- **3D Systems Corporation** *Advanced Materials for Extreme Environments* [www.3dsystems.com](https://www.3dsystems.com) Phone: +1-803-326-3900 Email: materials@3dsystems.com --- **CRITICAL PROCESS REQUIREMENT:** Parts manufactured with LaserForm® 316L (A) material intended for FULL ANNEAL condition **MUST** be processed through the complete annealing thermal cycle described in this specification. Partial or improper annealing will not achieve the specified properties and may compromise performance in service. **DISCLAIMER:** The data provided represents typical values obtained from standardized test specimens manufactured under controlled conditions. Actual performance in production applications may vary based on specific geometry, build parameters, annealing execution, and service conditions. For critical applications, comprehensive application-specific testing is mandatory. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Always consult the most current technical data sheets before design and production. © 2024 3D Systems Corporation. All rights reserved. LaserForm is a registered trademark of 3D Systems Corporation. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: 3D Systems LaserForm® 316L (A) FULL ANNEAL Stainless Steel Material Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <7223 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: 3D Systems LaserForm® 316L (A) FULL ANNEAL Stainless Steel Material Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of 3D Systems LaserForm® 316L (A) FULL ANNEAL Stainless Steel Sheet,Plate Material -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers 3D Systems LaserForm® 316L (A) FULL ANNEAL Stainless Steel Sheet,Plate Material -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of 3D Systems LaserForm® 316L (A) FULL ANNEAL Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate Material -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Sheet/Plate drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 3694 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition