ASTM A131 Steel Flange, grade D

1,We Manufacturing processes are primarily classified into four types: 1:Forging, 2:Casting, 3:Cutting, 4:Rolling. 2,We can manufacture in accordance with these standards. Standards: GB Series (Chinese Standards), JB Series (Machinery Standards), HG Series (Chemical Industry Standards), ASME B16.5 (American Standards), BS4504 (British Standards), DIN (German Standards), and JIS (Japanese Standards). Internationally, there are two primary systems of pipe flange standards: the European system, represented by the German DIN standards (including those of the former Soviet Union), and the American system, represented by the US ANSI pipe flange standards. Other common standards include: the Chinese Ministry of Machinery Industry standards (JB series), the Ministry of Chemical Industry standards (HG series), the Chinese National Standard *GB/T 9112–9124-2010 Steel Pipe Flanges*, as well as US standards (ASME B16.5), British standards (BS4504), German standards (DIN), Japanese standards (JIS), and marine standards (CBM), among others. The nominal pressure ratings for the PN series are designated by "PN" and comprise the following nine levels: PN2.5, PN6, PN10, PN16, PN25, PN40, PN63, PN100, and PN160. The nominal pressure ratings for the Class series are designated by "Class" and comprise the following six levels: Class150, Class300, Class600, Class900, Class1500, and Class2500. Flange Classification 1. **According to Chemical Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows: Plate Flat Welding Flange (PL), Necked Flat Welding Flange (SO), Necked Butt Welding Flange (WN), Integral Flange (IF), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Threaded Flange (Th), Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/SE), Blind Flange (BL), Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/PJ), and Lined Blind Flange (BL(s)). 2. **According to Petrochemical (SH) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows: Threaded Flange (PL), Butt Welding Flange (WN), Flat Welding Flange (SO), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Loose Flange (LJ), and Blind Flange (no specific designation). 3. **According to Machinery (JB) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows: Integral Flange, Butt Welding Flange, Plate Flat Welding Flange, Butt Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Lap Joint Ring Plate Loose Flange, and Blind Flange. 4. **According to Connection Method/Type:** Flanges are classified as follows: Plate Flat Welding Flange, Necked Flat Welding Flange, Necked Butt Welding Flange, Socket Welding Flange, Threaded Flange, Blind Flange, Necked Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange, Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) Flange and Blind Flange, Large-Diameter Plate Flange, Large-Diameter High-Neck Flange, Figure-8 Blind Plate, Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, etc. 5. **According to the Component Being Connected:** Flanges can be classified into Vessel Flanges and Pipe Flanges. 6. **According to Structural Type:** Flanges include Integral Flanges, Threaded Flanges, Flat Welding Flanges, Butt Welding Flanges, Lap Joint (Loose/Swivel) Flanges, and Blind Flanges. A flange—also referred to as a flange plate or rim—is a component used to connect shafts to one another, or, more commonly, to join the ends of pipes. Flanges are also utilized at the inlet and outlet ports of equipment to facilitate connections between two devices—for instance, the flange on a speed reducer. A "flange connection" or "flanged joint" refers to a detachable joint assembly comprising three interconnected elements—a flange, a gasket, and bolts—that together form a sealed structural unit. In the context of piping systems, a "pipe flange" specifically denotes a flange used for plumbing within the installation; when applied to equipment, it refers to the inlet or outlet flange of that specific device. Flanges feature a series of holes through which bolts are inserted to securely fasten the two flanges together, while a gasket placed between the flanges ensures a leak-proof seal. Flanges are broadly categorized into three types: threaded (screw-in) flanges, welded flanges, and clamp-type flanges. Flanges are invariably used in pairs; threaded flanges are suitable for low-pressure piping applications, whereas welded flanges are required for systems operating at pressures exceeding 4 kilograms per square centimeter. A sealing gasket is inserted between the two flange plates, which are then firmly secured using bolts. The thickness of a flange—as well as the specifications of the bolts used to fasten it—vary depending on the specific pressure rating required for the application. When connecting equipment such as water pumps or valves to piping systems, the corresponding connection points on these devices are often manufactured in the shape of a matching flange; this method of attachment is also referred to as a "flange connection." Generally, any connecting component that utilizes bolts to join and seal the perimeters of two flat surfaces—such as the joints in ventilation ducts—is termed a "flange"; such components may collectively be classified as "flange-type parts." However, since such a connection often constitutes merely a *portion* of a larger device—for instance, the interface between a flange and a water pump—it would be inappropriate to classify the entire water pump itself as a "flange-type part." Conversely, smaller components—such as valves—that feature such flanged interfaces may indeed be appropriately categorized as "flange-type parts." -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A131 Steel Flange, grade D Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A131 Steel Flange, grade D Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

ASTM A131 Steel, grade D Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ### **Technical Data Sheet: ASTM A131/A131M Structural Steel for Ships, Grade D** --- #### **1. Product Overview** ASTM A131 Grade D is a **notch-tough steel** specifically designed for shipbuilding applications requiring enhanced impact toughness at lower service temperatures. As part of the ASTM A131 standard for "Structural Steel for Ships," Grade D provides improved fracture resistance compared to Grades A and B, making it suitable for critical structural components in colder marine environments. Grade D is characterized by its fine grain practice and mandatory impact testing requirements, ensuring reliable performance in demanding service conditions. --- #### **2. International Standards & Equivalents** | Standard Organization | Designation | |-----------------------|-------------| | **ASTM International** | **A131/A131M Grade D** | | **UNS Number** | **K02503** | | **ABS (American Bureau of Shipping)** | **Grade D** | | **Lloyd's Register** | **Grade D** | | **DNV** | **Grade D** | | **EN Standards** | **EH Grade D** (Equivalent) | | **Japanese (JIS)** | **KD Class** | --- #### **3. Chemical Composition (Weight %)** | Element | Composition (%) | |---------|-----------------| | **Carbon (C)** | 0.21 max | | **Manganese (Mn)** | 0.60-1.20 | | **Phosphorus (P)** | 0.035 max | | **Sulfur (S)** | 0.035 max | | **Silicon (Si)** | 0.10-0.35 | | **Copper (Cu)** | 0.35 min (when specified) | | **Aluminum (Al)** | 0.015 min (for fine grain practice) | | **Iron (Fe)** | Balance | **Key Composition Notes:** - **Fine Grain Practice**: Achieved through aluminum treatment or other grain refiners - **Controlled Carbon Equivalent**: Typically ≤ 0.41% for good weldability - **Low Sulfur & Phosphorus**: Enhanced toughness and through-thickness properties --- #### **4. Mechanical Properties** **Tensile Properties:** - **Tensile Strength**: 400-490 MPa (58-71 ksi) - **Yield Strength**: 235 MPa (34 ksi) min - **Elongation in 50 mm (2 in)**: 25% min - **Elongation in 200 mm (8 in)**: 22% min **Impact Properties:** - **Charpy V-Notch Test Temperature**: **-10°C (14°F)** - **Minimum Impact Energy**: **27 J (20 ft-lbf)** - **Test Direction**: Longitudinal (L) or Transverse (T) as specified --- #### **5. Physical Properties** | Property | Value | |----------|-------| | **Density** | 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³) | | **Modulus of Elasticity** | 200 GPa (29,000 ksi) | | **Poisson's Ratio** | 0.29 | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 51.9 W/m·K | | **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 11.5 × 10⁻⁶ /K | | **Specific Heat Capacity** | 470 J/kg·K | | **Electrical Resistivity** | 0.20 μΩ·m | --- #### **6. Product Applications** **Primary Marine Applications:** - Ice belt plating for vessels operating in cold waters - Strength deck plating in way of openings - Forecastle and upper deck plating - Critical structural components in frigid zones - Plating at the sheer strake **Specific Vessel Types:** - Arctic and Antarctic supply vessels - Ice-class tankers and bulk carriers - Winter navigation vessels - Offshore structures in cold regions - Research vessels operating in polar waters --- #### **7. Fabrication Characteristics** **Welding Performance:** - Excellent weldability with proper procedures - Recommended processes: SMAW, FCAW, SAW, GMAW - Pre-heat requirements: Generally not required for thicknesses < 25 mm - **Filler Metal Selection**: AWS E7018, E71T-1, or equivalent - Post-weld heat treatment available when specified **Forming Operations:** - Good cold forming characteristics - Suitable for bending and rolling operations - Minimum bending radii per standard shipyard practice - Excellent shearability and punchability **Heat Treatment:** - Supplied in normalized or as-rolled condition - Fine grain practice mandatory - Stress relieving available when specified --- #### **8. Quality Assurance & Testing** **Mandatory Tests (per ASTM A131):** - Chemical analysis (ladle and product analysis) - Tension test - **Charpy V-notch impact test at -10°C** - Bend test (when specified) - Fine austenitic grain size verification **Additional Tests (when specified):** - Ultrasonic examination - Through-thickness testing (Z-quality) - Macroetch examination - Hardness testing --- #### **9. Corrosion Performance** - **Marine Atmosphere**: Good resistance with proper coating systems - **Low Temperature Service**: Maintains toughness down to -10°C - **Ice Abrasion**: Good resistance to ice contact - **Recommended Protection**: Epoxy coatings + cathodic protection systems --- #### **10. Available Product Forms** - Plates: 4.5 mm to 150 mm thickness - Sheets: Up to 4.5 mm thickness - Standard widths: 1500-4500 mm - Standard lengths: 6000-18000 mm --- **Technical Notes:** - Grade D provides enhanced toughness for service temperatures down to -10°C - Fine grain practice ensures consistent mechanical properties - Must comply with classification society rules (ABS, DNV, LR, etc.) - Special attention required for welding in cold weather conditions - Storage should protect against moisture and contamination *This information is for reference purposes. For complete requirements and current specifications, consult the latest ASTM A131/A131M standard and applicable regulatory body rules. Not for design purposes - always verify with current certified mill test reports.* -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A131 Steel, grade D Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <4222 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: ASTM A131 Steel, grade D Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of ASTM A131 Steel Flange, grade D -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers ASTM A131 Steel Flange, grade D -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of ASTM A131 Steel Flange, grade D -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Flange drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 693 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition