SAE 4621 Alloy Steel Flange

1,We Manufacturing processes are primarily classified into four types: 1:Forging, 2:Casting, 3:Cutting, 4:Rolling. 2,We can manufacture in accordance with these standards. Standards: GB Series (Chinese Standards), JB Series (Machinery Standards), HG Series (Chemical Industry Standards), ASME B16.5 (American Standards), BS4504 (British Standards), DIN (German Standards), and JIS (Japanese Standards). Internationally, there are two primary systems of pipe flange standards: the European system, represented by the German DIN standards (including those of the former Soviet Union), and the American system, represented by the US ANSI pipe flange standards. Other common standards include: the Chinese Ministry of Machinery Industry standards (JB series), the Ministry of Chemical Industry standards (HG series), the Chinese National Standard *GB/T 9112–9124-2010 Steel Pipe Flanges*, as well as US standards (ASME B16.5), British standards (BS4504), German standards (DIN), Japanese standards (JIS), and marine standards (CBM), among others. The nominal pressure ratings for the PN series are designated by "PN" and comprise the following nine levels: PN2.5, PN6, PN10, PN16, PN25, PN40, PN63, PN100, and PN160. The nominal pressure ratings for the Class series are designated by "Class" and comprise the following six levels: Class150, Class300, Class600, Class900, Class1500, and Class2500. Flange Classification 1. **According to Chemical Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows: Plate Flat Welding Flange (PL), Necked Flat Welding Flange (SO), Necked Butt Welding Flange (WN), Integral Flange (IF), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Threaded Flange (Th), Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/SE), Blind Flange (BL), Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/PJ), and Lined Blind Flange (BL(s)). 2. **According to Petrochemical (SH) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows: Threaded Flange (PL), Butt Welding Flange (WN), Flat Welding Flange (SO), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Loose Flange (LJ), and Blind Flange (no specific designation). 3. **According to Machinery (JB) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows: Integral Flange, Butt Welding Flange, Plate Flat Welding Flange, Butt Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Lap Joint Ring Plate Loose Flange, and Blind Flange. 4. **According to Connection Method/Type:** Flanges are classified as follows: Plate Flat Welding Flange, Necked Flat Welding Flange, Necked Butt Welding Flange, Socket Welding Flange, Threaded Flange, Blind Flange, Necked Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange, Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) Flange and Blind Flange, Large-Diameter Plate Flange, Large-Diameter High-Neck Flange, Figure-8 Blind Plate, Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, etc. 5. **According to the Component Being Connected:** Flanges can be classified into Vessel Flanges and Pipe Flanges. 6. **According to Structural Type:** Flanges include Integral Flanges, Threaded Flanges, Flat Welding Flanges, Butt Welding Flanges, Lap Joint (Loose/Swivel) Flanges, and Blind Flanges. A flange—also referred to as a flange plate or rim—is a component used to connect shafts to one another, or, more commonly, to join the ends of pipes. Flanges are also utilized at the inlet and outlet ports of equipment to facilitate connections between two devices—for instance, the flange on a speed reducer. A "flange connection" or "flanged joint" refers to a detachable joint assembly comprising three interconnected elements—a flange, a gasket, and bolts—that together form a sealed structural unit. In the context of piping systems, a "pipe flange" specifically denotes a flange used for plumbing within the installation; when applied to equipment, it refers to the inlet or outlet flange of that specific device. Flanges feature a series of holes through which bolts are inserted to securely fasten the two flanges together, while a gasket placed between the flanges ensures a leak-proof seal. Flanges are broadly categorized into three types: threaded (screw-in) flanges, welded flanges, and clamp-type flanges. Flanges are invariably used in pairs; threaded flanges are suitable for low-pressure piping applications, whereas welded flanges are required for systems operating at pressures exceeding 4 kilograms per square centimeter. A sealing gasket is inserted between the two flange plates, which are then firmly secured using bolts. The thickness of a flange—as well as the specifications of the bolts used to fasten it—vary depending on the specific pressure rating required for the application. When connecting equipment such as water pumps or valves to piping systems, the corresponding connection points on these devices are often manufactured in the shape of a matching flange; this method of attachment is also referred to as a "flange connection." Generally, any connecting component that utilizes bolts to join and seal the perimeters of two flat surfaces—such as the joints in ventilation ducts—is termed a "flange"; such components may collectively be classified as "flange-type parts." However, since such a connection often constitutes merely a *portion* of a larger device—for instance, the interface between a flange and a water pump—it would be inappropriate to classify the entire water pump itself as a "flange-type part." Conversely, smaller components—such as valves—that feature such flanged interfaces may indeed be appropriately categorized as "flange-type parts." -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: SAE 4621 Alloy Steel Flange, Composition Spec Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: SAE 4621 Alloy Steel Flange, Composition Spec Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

SAE 4621 Alloy Steel, Composition Spec Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **SAE 4621 Alloy Steel - Composition Specification** ## **Medium Carbon Nickel-Molybdenum Through-Hardening Steel** --- ### **1. PRODUCT OVERVIEW** **SAE 4621 Alloy Steel** - **Material Classification:** Medium-carbon nickel-molybdenum alloy steel - **Primary Processing:** Through-hardening (quenching and tempering) - **Carbon Content:** 0.18-0.23% (typical medium carbon range) - **Key Alloying Elements:** Nickel (1.65-2.00%) + Molybdenum (0.20-0.30%) - **Material Family:** SAE 46xx series (nickel-molybdenum steels) - **"21" Designation:** Indicates nominal carbon content of approximately 0.21% - **Alternative Names:** AISI 4621, UNS G46210 **Distinguishing Characteristics:** 1. **Moderate Carbon Content:** Higher than case-hardening grades (e.g., 4615/4617) but lower than high-carbon grades 2. **Nickel-Molybdenum Combination:** Provides excellent hardenability and toughness 3. **Through-Hardening Capability:** Designed for quenching and tempering heat treatment 4. **Balanced Properties:** Good combination of strength, toughness, and wear resistance --- ### **2. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION SPECIFICATION** | Element | SAE 4621 Standard Range (%) | Typical Aim Composition (%) | Metallurgical Function | |---------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------------| | **Carbon (C)** | 0.18-0.23 | 0.20-0.21 | Primary strengthener, determines hardness potential | | **Manganese (Mn)** | 0.70-0.90 | 0.75-0.85 | Enhances hardenability, solid solution strengthening | | **Phosphorus (P)** | ≤ 0.035 | ≤ 0.020 | Residual impurity (strictly controlled) | | **Sulfur (S)** | ≤ 0.040 | 0.020-0.035 | Machinability enhancer, impurity control | | **Silicon (Si)** | 0.15-0.30 | 0.20-0.25 | Deoxidizer, improves strength and temper resistance | | **Nickel (Ni)** | 1.65-2.00 | 1.75-1.85 | **Primary alloy:** Provides toughness and hardenability | | **Molybdenum (Mo)** | 0.20-0.30 | 0.22-0.27 | **Secondary alloy:** Grain refinement, reduces temper embrittlement | | **Chromium (Cr)** | - | ≤ 0.20 | Trace residual (not specified, but typically present) | | **Copper (Cu)** | - | ≤ 0.35 | Trace residual | | **Aluminum (Al)** | - | 0.010-0.040 | Grain size control (if used) | | **Iron (Fe)** | Balance | Balance | Matrix element | **Composition Design Philosophy:** - **Carbon Optimization:** 0.21% nominal provides good hardenability without excessive brittleness - **Nickel Contribution:** 1.8% nominal significantly improves toughness and impact resistance - **Molybdenum Function:** Enhances hardenability and provides tempering stability - **Manganese Level:** Higher than 4600 series for better hardenability --- ### **3. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS & EQUIVALENTS** | Standard System | Designation | Title / Description | Equivalent Notes | |----------------|-------------|---------------------|------------------| | **UNS** | G46210 | Unified Numbering System | Primary US designation | | **SAE/AISI** | 4621 | SAE J404, J412 | Original specification | | **ASTM** | A322 | Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy | Grade 4621 | | **ASTM** | A29/A29M | Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy | General requirements | | **AMS** | 6272 | Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing | Aerospace specification | | **ISO** | 683-11 | Heat-treatable steels | International classification | | **DIN** | 1.6526 | 21NiCrMo2 | German equivalent | | **EN** | 1.6523+ | 20NiCrMo2-2 | European designation | | **JIS** | SNCM220 | Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel | Similar Japanese grade | | **GB** | 20Ni2Mo | Chinese standard | Chinese equivalent | **H-Grade Specification (Hardenability Controlled):** - **SAE 4621H:** Controlled hardenability version per SAE J1268 - **ASTM A304:** Bars subject to end-quench hardenability requirements - **Hardenability Bands:** Typically bands 1-4 depending on application --- ### **4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES** | Property | Value | Conditions / Notes | |----------|-------|-------------------| | **Density** | 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³) | At 20°C, typical for low-alloy steels | | **Melting Range** | 1480-1520°C | Liquidus to solidus temperature | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 42.0 W/m·K | At 100°C, annealed condition | | **Specific Heat Capacity** | 460 J/kg·K | At 20°C | | **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 12.2 × 10⁻⁶/K | 20-100°C temperature range | | **Electrical Resistivity** | 0.23 μΩ·m | At 20°C | | **Modulus of Elasticity** | 205 GPa (29.7×10⁶ psi) | Typical for steel | | **Poisson's Ratio** | 0.29 | Standard value for steel | | **Magnetic Properties** | Ferromagnetic | Below Curie temperature (~770°C) | | **Density Change with Heat Treatment** | Negligible | <0.1% variation | --- ### **5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (HEAT TREATED CONDITION)** #### **Typical Properties After Quenching and Tempering:** *Austenitize: 830-850°C (1525-1560°F), Oil Quench, Temper at 540°C (1000°F)* | Property | Value Range | Testing Standard | Application Significance | |----------|-------------|------------------|--------------------------| | **Tensile Strength** | 900-1100 MPa (130-160 ksi) | ASTM E8/E8M | Good strength for engineering applications | | **Yield Strength (0.2%)** | 750-950 MPa (109-138 ksi) | ASTM E8/E8M | Excellent elastic limit | | **Elongation in 4D** | 15-20% | ASTM E8/E8M | Good ductility for high-strength material | | **Reduction of Area** | 45-55% | ASTM E8/E8M | Excellent energy absorption capability | | **Hardness** | 28-35 HRC (269-321 HB) | ASTM E18/E10 | Moderate hardness with good machinability | | **Charpy V-Notch Impact** | 40-60 J (30-44 ft-lb) | ASTM E23 | Excellent toughness due to nickel content | | **Fatigue Strength (Rotating Bending)** | 450-550 MPa | - | Good fatigue resistance | | **Fracture Toughness (KIC)** | 70-90 MPa√m | ASTM E399 | For reference, material dependent | #### **Mechanical Properties by Tempering Temperature:** | Tempering Temperature | Hardness (HRC) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Impact Energy (J) | |----------------------|----------------|------------------------|----------------------|------------------| | **200°C (390°F)** | 45-50 | 1450-1600 | 1250-1400 | 25-35 | | **425°C (800°F)** | 38-42 | 1150-1250 | 1000-1100 | 40-50 | | **540°C (1000°F)** | 28-33 | 900-1000 | 750-850 | 50-65 | | **650°C (1200°F)** | 22-26 | 700-800 | 550-650 | 70-85 | --- ### **6. HEAT TREATMENT RESPONSE** #### **Recommended Heat Treatment Parameters:** 1. **Annealing (Full):** - Temperature: 830-850°C (1525-1560°F) - Cooling: Furnace cool to 600°C, then air cool - Resulting Hardness: 170-207 HB 2. **Normalizing:** - Temperature: 870-900°C (1600-1650°F) - Cooling: Air cool - Purpose: Grain refinement, homogenization 3. **Hardening (Austenitizing):** - Temperature: 830-850°C (1525-1560°F) - Soak Time: 30 minutes per inch of thickness minimum - Quenching Medium: Oil (preferred) or water for smaller sections - Critical Cooling Rate: Moderate due to alloy content 4. **Tempering:** - Temperature Range: 200-650°C (390-1200°F) - Time: 1-2 hours per inch of thickness - Cooling: Air cool (water or oil cooling may be used) #### **Hardenability Characteristics (Jominy Test):** | Distance from Quenched End | Hardness (HRC) | Microstructure Description | |----------------------------|----------------|---------------------------| | 1.5 mm (1/16 inch) | 45-50 | 90-100% martensite | | 5 mm (3/16 inch) | 40-45 | 80-90% martensite | | 10 mm (3/8 inch) | 35-40 | 60-80% martensite | | 15 mm (5/8 inch) | 30-35 | 40-60% martensite | | 25 mm (1 inch) | 25-30 | 20-40% martensite | **Through-Hardening Capability:** - **Optimum Diameter for Through-Hardening:** Up to 50-75 mm (2-3 inches) - **Section Sensitivity:** Moderate - good for medium-sized components - **Distortion Tendency:** Moderate, typical for alloy steels --- ### **7. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS** #### **Automotive Components:** - **Transmission Parts:** Gears, shafts, synchronizer components - **Steering Systems:** Steering shafts, pitman arms, linkage components - **Engine Components:** Crankshafts, camshafts, connecting rods (medium duty) - **Drive Train:** Axle shafts, differential gears, universal joint components - **Suspension Parts:** Torsion bars, spring components #### **Industrial Machinery:** - **Gear Manufacturing:** Industrial gears, pinions, gear shafts - **Power Transmission:** Couplings, sprockets, drive shafts - **Heavy Equipment:** Excavator pins, bucket teeth, track components - **Machine Tools:** Spindles, arbors, tool holders - **Agricultural Machinery:** Plow components, tillage tools, gearbox parts #### **Aerospace and Defense:** - **Structural Components:** Airframe parts, mounting brackets - **Landing Gear:** Non-critical components, pins, bushings - **Engine Mounts:** Structural supports and brackets #### **Oil and Gas Industry:** - **Drill String Components:** Tool joints, subs (non-corrosive environments) - **Valve Components:** Shafts, stems, gates - **Pump Parts:** Shafts, impellers (for non-corrosive service) #### **General Engineering:** - **Fasteners:** High-strength bolts, studs, pins - **Shafting:** General purpose shafts and axles - **Wear Parts:** Components requiring moderate wear resistance --- ### **8. PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS** #### **Machinability:** - **Relative Rating:** 60-65% of B1112 free-cutting steel (annealed condition) - **Hardened Condition Machinability:** 40-50% (requires carbide tools) - **Recommended Cutting Speeds:** - Annealed: 40-60 m/min with HSS tools - Hardened: 20-40 m/min with carbide tools - **Tool Materials:** Carbide recommended for production; HSS suitable for soft condition - **Chip Formation:** Continuous chips in annealed condition - **Coolant Recommendation:** Yes, for all machining operations #### **Forming and Forging:** - **Hot Working Temperature:** 1150-900°C (2100-1650°F) - **Forgeability:** Good - suitable for most forging operations - **Cold Formability:** Fair in annealed condition, limited in heat-treated state - **Annealing Recommended:** Between cold forming operations if significant work is done #### **Welding Characteristics:** - **Weldability Rating:** Fair to Good (with proper procedures) - **Recommended Methods:** GTAW (TIG), SMAW with low-hydrogen electrodes - **Preheat Temperature:** 150-200°C (300-400°F) for thickness >12mm - **Post-Weld Heat Treatment:** Stress relief at 590-650°C (1100-1200°F) recommended - **Filler Material:** Matching composition or AWS E10018-D2 type - **Cautions:** Susceptible to hydrogen cracking; use proper procedures #### **Grinding and Finishing:** - **Grindability:** Good with proper wheel selection - **Surface Finishing:** Responds well to polishing and superfinishing - **Plating/Coating Compatibility:** Good base for various surface treatments --- ### **9. MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS** #### **As-Annealed Condition:** - **Primary Phase:** Ferrite with spheroidized carbides - **Grain Size:** ASTM 5-7 (fine to medium grain) - **Carbide Distribution:** Uniformly dispersed #### **As-Quenched (Hardened):** - **Matrix:** Martensite (lath type) - **Retained Austenite:** <5% (typical) - **Prior Austenite Grain Size:** ASTM 7-8 (fine) #### **Tempered Condition:** - **Matrix:** Tempered martensite - **Carbide Type:** Transition carbides (ε-carbide) at low tempering temperatures - **Carbide Coarsening:** Occurs at higher tempering temperatures - **Tempered Martensite Embrittlement:** Minimal due to molybdenum content --- ### **10. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND TESTING** #### **Standard Testing Requirements:** 1. **Chemical Analysis:** Spectrographic analysis per heat/lot (ASTM E415) 2. **Mechanical Testing:** Tensile and hardness tests (ASTM E8, E18) 3. **Microstructural Examination:** Grain size, cleanliness (ASTM E112, E45) 4. **Non-Destructive Testing:** As required by specification 5. **Hardenability Testing:** For H-grades per ASTM A255 #### **Inclusion Rating (Typical):** | Inclusion Type | ASTM E45 Rating (Worst Field) | Typical Value | |----------------|-------------------------------|---------------| | **A (Sulfide)** | ≤ 2.0 | 1.0-1.5 | | **B (Alumina)** | ≤ 2.0 | 0.5-1.0 | | **C (Silicate)** | ≤ 2.0 | 0.5-1.0 | | **D (Globular Oxide)** | ≤ 2.0 | 0.5-1.0 | #### **Certification Levels:** - **Standard Mill Certificate:** Chemical composition and hardness - **Test Certificate 3.1:** Includes mechanical property testing - **Special Testing:** Additional tests as specified by customer --- ### **11. COMPARISON WITH SIMILAR GRADES** | Grade | C% Range | Primary Alloys | Typical UTS (MPa) | Charpy Impact (J) | Key Differences | |-------|----------|----------------|-------------------|-------------------|-----------------| | **SAE 4621** | 0.18-0.23 | 1.8Ni-0.25Mo | 900-1100 | 40-60 | Balanced medium carbon grade | | **SAE 4617** | 0.15-0.20 | 1.8Ni-0.25Mo | 850-1000 | 45-65 | Lower carbon, better for case hardening | | **SAE 4620** | 0.17-0.22 | 1.8Ni-0.25Mo | 900-1100 | 40-60 | Very similar, slight carbon difference | | **SAE 4340** | 0.38-0.43 | 1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo | 1100-1300 | 30-50 | Higher carbon, chromium added | | **SAE 4140** | 0.38-0.43 | 1.0Cr-0.2Mo | 1000-1200 | 25-40 | No nickel, chromium-molybdenum steel | | **SAE 8620** | 0.18-0.23 | 0.5Ni-0.5Cr-0.2Mo | 900-1100 | 35-55 | Lower nickel, chromium added | **Selection Guidelines:** - **Choose 4621 over 4617:** When higher as-quenched hardness is needed - **Choose 4621 over 4340:** When better toughness is required - **Choose 4621 over 4140:** When nickel toughness is beneficial - **Choose 4621 over 8620:** When higher nickel content is justified --- ### **12. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS** #### **Strength Advantages:** 1. **Good Hardenability:** Suitable for sections up to 75mm diameter 2. **Excellent Toughness:** Nickel content provides superior impact resistance 3. **Fatigue Resistance:** Good for cyclic loading applications 4. **Wear Resistance:** Adequate for many industrial applications #### **Design Limitations:** 1. **Corrosion Resistance:** Similar to plain carbon steel (requires protection) 2. **Maximum Service Temperature:** Approximately 400°C (750°F) continuous 3. **Notch Sensitivity:** Moderate - design with proper radii 4. **Weldability Constraints:** Requires proper procedures #### **Recommended Design Practices:** - **Section Size:** Optimal for 25-75mm diameter components - **Heat Treatment:** Through-harden for uniform properties - **Surface Finish:** Good surface finish improves fatigue life - **Stress Concentrations:** Use generous fillet radii --- ### **13. ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS** #### **Cost Factors:** - **Material Cost:** Moderate (higher than plain carbon, lower than high-alloy steels) - **Processing Cost:** Standard heat treatment requirements - **Lifecycle Cost:** Good for medium-duty applications - **Availability:** Readily available from steel service centers #### **Environmental Aspects:** - **Recyclability:** 100% recyclable as steel scrap - **Production Energy:** Moderate (higher than carbon steel due to alloys) - **Alternative Materials:** Consider 8620 for cost-sensitive applications #### **Supply Chain Considerations:** - **Lead Times:** Typically available from stock - **Global Availability:** Widely produced in US, Europe, and Asia - **Quality Consistency:** Good with reputable producers --- ### **14. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES** #### **Optimal Heat Treatment for Common Applications:** 1. **General Purpose Components:** 845°C oil quench + 540°C temper 2. **High Strength Applications:** 845°C oil quench + 425°C temper 3. **Maximum Toughness:** 845°C oil quench + 650°C temper 4. **Wear Resistance Focus:** 845°C oil quench + 200°C temper #### **Post-Heat Treatment Processing:** - **Stress Relieving:** Recommended after rough machining - **Straightening:** May be required after heat treatment - **Final Machining:** Light finishing after heat treatment #### **Surface Treatment Options:** - **Nitriding:** Can be applied for additional surface hardness - **Induction Hardening:** Suitable for selective hardening - **Plating/Coating:** Good substrate for various coatings --- **MATERIAL SELECTION SUMMARY:** SAE 4621 represents an excellent balance in the nickel-molybdenum alloy steel family. With its medium carbon content (0.18-0.23%), it provides good hardenability while maintaining excellent toughness due to the nickel content (1.65-2.00%). This makes it particularly suitable for components requiring a combination of strength and impact resistance, such as automotive transmission parts, industrial gears, and general engineering components subject to dynamic loading. **HEAT TREATMENT RECOMMENDATION:** For optimal performance with SAE 4621: 1. Normalize or anneal before machining if extensive work is required 2. Austenitize at 830-850°C (1525-1560°F) with adequate soak time 3. Oil quench for sections up to 75mm diameter 4. Temper according to required property balance (typically 425-650°C) 5. Consider stress relieving after rough machining if dimensional stability is critical --- **QUALITY ASSURANCE STATEMENT:** SAE 4621 alloy steel is produced to meet or exceed the requirements of SAE J404/J412 and ASTM A322. For critical applications, specify additional testing requirements such as hardenability verification, microcleanliness rating, or non-destructive examination. **DISCLAIMER:** The information provided represents typical properties and characteristics based on standard specifications. Actual values may vary within acceptable specification ranges. For critical applications, material testing and validation are essential. Consultation with qualified materials engineering professionals is recommended for specific application requirements. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: SAE 4621 Alloy Steel, Composition Spec Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <4073 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: SAE 4621 Alloy Steel, Composition Spec Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of SAE 4621 Alloy Steel Flange, Composition Spec -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers SAE 4621 Alloy Steel Flange, Composition Spec -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of SAE 4621 Alloy Steel Flange, Composition Spec -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Flange drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 544 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition