EN 1.0143 High Manganese, Quality Steel Flange

1,We Manufacturing processes are primarily classified into four types: 1:Forging, 2:Casting, 3:Cutting, 4:Rolling. 2,We can manufacture in accordance with these standards. Standards: GB Series (Chinese Standards), JB Series (Machinery Standards), HG Series (Chemical Industry Standards), ASME B16.5 (American Standards), BS4504 (British Standards), DIN (German Standards), and JIS (Japanese Standards). Internationally, there are two primary systems of pipe flange standards: the European system, represented by the German DIN standards (including those of the former Soviet Union), and the American system, represented by the US ANSI pipe flange standards. Other common standards include: the Chinese Ministry of Machinery Industry standards (JB series), the Ministry of Chemical Industry standards (HG series), the Chinese National Standard *GB/T 9112–9124-2010 Steel Pipe Flanges*, as well as US standards (ASME B16.5), British standards (BS4504), German standards (DIN), Japanese standards (JIS), and marine standards (CBM), among others. The nominal pressure ratings for the PN series are designated by "PN" and comprise the following nine levels: PN2.5, PN6, PN10, PN16, PN25, PN40, PN63, PN100, and PN160. The nominal pressure ratings for the Class series are designated by "Class" and comprise the following six levels: Class150, Class300, Class600, Class900, Class1500, and Class2500. Flange Classification 1. **According to Chemical Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows: Plate Flat Welding Flange (PL), Necked Flat Welding Flange (SO), Necked Butt Welding Flange (WN), Integral Flange (IF), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Threaded Flange (Th), Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/SE), Blind Flange (BL), Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/PJ), and Lined Blind Flange (BL(s)). 2. **According to Petrochemical (SH) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows: Threaded Flange (PL), Butt Welding Flange (WN), Flat Welding Flange (SO), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Loose Flange (LJ), and Blind Flange (no specific designation). 3. **According to Machinery (JB) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows: Integral Flange, Butt Welding Flange, Plate Flat Welding Flange, Butt Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Lap Joint Ring Plate Loose Flange, and Blind Flange. 4. **According to Connection Method/Type:** Flanges are classified as follows: Plate Flat Welding Flange, Necked Flat Welding Flange, Necked Butt Welding Flange, Socket Welding Flange, Threaded Flange, Blind Flange, Necked Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange, Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) Flange and Blind Flange, Large-Diameter Plate Flange, Large-Diameter High-Neck Flange, Figure-8 Blind Plate, Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, etc. 5. **According to the Component Being Connected:** Flanges can be classified into Vessel Flanges and Pipe Flanges. 6. **According to Structural Type:** Flanges include Integral Flanges, Threaded Flanges, Flat Welding Flanges, Butt Welding Flanges, Lap Joint (Loose/Swivel) Flanges, and Blind Flanges. A flange—also referred to as a flange plate or rim—is a component used to connect shafts to one another, or, more commonly, to join the ends of pipes. Flanges are also utilized at the inlet and outlet ports of equipment to facilitate connections between two devices—for instance, the flange on a speed reducer. A "flange connection" or "flanged joint" refers to a detachable joint assembly comprising three interconnected elements—a flange, a gasket, and bolts—that together form a sealed structural unit. In the context of piping systems, a "pipe flange" specifically denotes a flange used for plumbing within the installation; when applied to equipment, it refers to the inlet or outlet flange of that specific device. Flanges feature a series of holes through which bolts are inserted to securely fasten the two flanges together, while a gasket placed between the flanges ensures a leak-proof seal. Flanges are broadly categorized into three types: threaded (screw-in) flanges, welded flanges, and clamp-type flanges. Flanges are invariably used in pairs; threaded flanges are suitable for low-pressure piping applications, whereas welded flanges are required for systems operating at pressures exceeding 4 kilograms per square centimeter. A sealing gasket is inserted between the two flange plates, which are then firmly secured using bolts. The thickness of a flange—as well as the specifications of the bolts used to fasten it—vary depending on the specific pressure rating required for the application. When connecting equipment such as water pumps or valves to piping systems, the corresponding connection points on these devices are often manufactured in the shape of a matching flange; this method of attachment is also referred to as a "flange connection." Generally, any connecting component that utilizes bolts to join and seal the perimeters of two flat surfaces—such as the joints in ventilation ducts—is termed a "flange"; such components may collectively be classified as "flange-type parts." However, since such a connection often constitutes merely a *portion* of a larger device—for instance, the interface between a flange and a water pump—it would be inappropriate to classify the entire water pump itself as a "flange-type part." Conversely, smaller components—such as valves—that feature such flanged interfaces may indeed be appropriately categorized as "flange-type parts." -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: EN 1.0143 High Manganese, Structural, Hot Rolled, Quality Steel Flange Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: EN 1.0143 High Manganese, Structural, Hot Rolled, Quality Steel Flange Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

EN 1.0143 High Manganese, Structural, Hot Rolled, Quality Steel Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **Technical Datasheet: EN 1.0143 High Manganese Structural Steel** **Designation: S275J0 (Under EN 10025-2) | Condition: Hot Rolled, Base Material** ## **1. PRODUCT OVERVIEW** **EN 1.0143**, commercially designated **S275J0**, is a **medium-strength, high manganese structural steel** that bridges the performance gap between standard S235 grades and higher-strength S355 steels. With a minimum yield strength of **275 MPa** and **mandatory Charpy V-notch impact testing at 0°C**, this grade is specifically engineered for structural applications in **moderate climates** where occasional sub-zero temperatures occur but extreme cold is not a design concern. The "J0" suffix indicates its certified impact toughness at 0°C, making it suitable for structures that may experience temperatures down to approximately -10°C during service. Its optimized **manganese-to-carbon ratio** (typically 5:1 to 8:1) provides enhanced strength and toughness compared to S235 grades while maintaining excellent weldability and formability. As part of the European EN 10025 standard series, S275J0 offers designers a **cost-effective intermediate-strength solution** for a wide range of structural applications where enhanced load-carrying capacity is required without the need for alloy steel chemistry. **Key Characteristics:** - **Enhanced Strength:** 275 MPa minimum yield strength (17% higher than S235J0) - **Certified Moderate Temperature Toughness:** Guaranteed 27J impact energy at 0°C - **Economic Intermediate Grade:** More cost-effective than alloy steels for similar strength levels - **Excellent Fabricability:** Good weldability and cold forming characteristics - **Quality Controlled:** Produced under strict manufacturing controls with full certification --- ## **2. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION** **Compliance:** EN 10025-2:2019 - Hot rolled products of structural steels *Product analysis limits for all thicknesses up to 100 mm* | Element | Maximum (%) | Typical Range (%) | Metallurgical Function & Control | |---------|------------|------------------|----------------------------------| | **Carbon (C)** | **0.21** | 0.14-0.18 | Primary strength contributor; controlled for optimal weldability | | **Manganese (Mn)** | **1.50** | 1.20-1.40 | **Key strengthening element**; enhances toughness and hardenability | | **Phosphorus (P)** | **0.035** | ≤0.025 | Harmful impurity; strictly limited to prevent embrittlement | | **Sulfur (S)** | **0.035** | ≤0.020 | Controlled for improved hot workability and weldability | | **Silicon (Si)** | **0.55** | 0.25-0.45 | Deoxidizer; contributes to strength and oxidation resistance | | **Nitrogen (N)** | **0.012** | ≤0.009 | Controlled to prevent aging effects | | **Aluminum, total (Alt)** | — | **≥0.020** (min) | Grain refiner; ensures fine-grained structure (ASTM 5 or finer) | | **Copper (Cu)** *optional* | 0.55 | 0.20-0.35 | May be specified for weathering resistance (S275J0W variant) | | **Chromium (Cr)** | 0.30 | ≤0.15 | Residual element; limited for weldability | | **Nickel (Ni)** | 0.30 | ≤0.15 | Residual element; limited for cost control | | **Vanadium (V)** | 0.05 | ≤0.03 | Optional microalloying for grain refinement | | **Iron (Fe)** | Balance | Balance | Base metal | **Critical Chemical Parameters:** - **Carbon Equivalent (CEV):** 0.36-0.42% (CEV = C + Mn/6) - **Cracking Parameter (Pcm):** 0.20-0.25% - **Manganese-to-Carbon Ratio:** Typically 7:1 to 8:1, balancing strength and toughness - **Deoxidation Practice:** Fully aluminum-killed, fine-grained steel - **Quality Control:** Stricter residual element control than basic structural grades - **Strength Optimization:** Chemistry balanced for 275 MPa yield while maintaining formability --- ## **3. PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL PROPERTIES** ### **A. Physical Properties (Typical at 20°C):** - **Density:** 7.85 g/cm³ - **Modulus of Elasticity (E):** 210 GPa - **Shear Modulus (G):** 81 GPa - **Poisson's Ratio (ν):** 0.30 - **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion:** 12.0 × 10⁻⁶/K (20-100°C) - **Thermal Conductivity:** 50 W/(m·K) - **Specific Heat Capacity:** 450 J/(kg·K) - **Electrical Resistivity:** 0.15 μΩ·m - **Magnetic Properties:** Ferromagnetic ### **B. Standard Mechanical Properties (EN 10025-2):** *Minimum values for nominal thickness t ≤ 16 mm* | Property | Symbol | Minimum Value | Test Standard | Notes | |----------|--------|---------------|---------------|-------| | **Yield Strength** | ReH | **275 MPa** | EN ISO 6892-1 | Upper yield strength or Rp0.2 | | **Tensile Strength** | Rm | **370-530 MPa** | EN ISO 6892-1 | Must fall within specified range | | **Minimum Elongation** | A₅ | **22%** | EN ISO 6892-1 | For t ≤ 40 mm; Lo=5.65√So | | **Impact Energy** | KV | **27 J at 0°C** | EN ISO 148-1 | Charpy V-notch, longitudinal | ### **C. Thickness-Dependent Property Adjustments:** | Thickness Range (mm) | Yield Strength Min (MPa) | Tensile Strength Range (MPa) | Impact Test Temperature | |----------------------|--------------------------|------------------------------|--------------------------| | **t ≤ 16** | 275 | 370-530 | 0°C | | **16 < t ≤ 40** | 265 | 370-530 | 0°C | | **40 < t ≤ 63** | 255 | 360-520 | 0°C | | **63 < t ≤ 80** | 245 | 360-520 | 0°C | | **80 < t ≤ 100** | 235 | 350-510 | 0°C | ### **D. Typical Achieved Properties (t = 10-20 mm):** | Property | Typical Range | Average | Performance Significance | |----------|---------------|---------|--------------------------| | **Yield Strength** | 290-340 MPa | 315 MPa | Typically 10-25% above minimum | | **Tensile Strength** | 400-470 MPa | 435 MPa | Well within specified range | | **Elongation (A₅)** | 24-32% | 28% | Good ductility maintained | | **Impact Energy (0°C)** | 35-80 J | 55 J | Substantial toughness margin | | **Hardness (HB)** | 130-150 | 140 | Suitable for most fabrication | | **Bend Test Performance** | 180° with d=2a to 3a | Pass | Good cold forming capability | | **Fatigue Strength** | 175-210 MPa | 195 MPa | At 2×10⁶ cycles (as-rolled) | | **Ductile-Brittle Transition** | -30°C to -50°C | -40°C | Good low-temperature performance | ### **E. Special Characteristics:** - **Strength-to-Weight Advantage:** 17% higher yield strength than S235 grades allows for lighter structures - **Weld HAZ Properties:** Good toughness retention with proper welding procedures - **Notch Sensitivity:** Moderate; adequate for most structural applications - **Through-Thickness Consistency:** Good property uniformity in moderate thicknesses --- ## **4. FABRICATION & PROCESSING** ### **A. Forming & Cutting Operations:** - **Cold Bending:** Minimum inside radius = **1.0 × t** (parallel to rolling), **1.5 × t** (perpendicular) - **Hot Forming:** Can be heated to 850-1100°C if required for severe forming - **Cutting Methods:** - **Plasma/Laser:** Excellent results with proper parameters - **Oxy-fuel:** Standard method with good edge quality - **Waterjet:** Ideal for complex shapes without thermal effects - **Mechanical:** Band saws and shearing suitable - **Springback:** Approximately 2-3° for 90° cold bends ### **B. Welding Procedures:** **General Guidelines:** - **Preheating:** 50-100°C for t > 25 mm or highly restrained joints - **Interpass Temperature:** Maximum 250°C - **Heat Input:** 0.8-2.5 kJ/mm optimal for most applications - **Post-Weld Treatment:** Stress relief at 580-620°C if required for highly restrained joints **Recommended Welding Consumables:** | Process | Consumable (EN ISO) | AWS Equivalent | Application Notes | |---------|---------------------|----------------|-------------------| | **SMAW** | E 42 0 R C 12 | E7018 | Basic coated for general fabrication | | **GMAW** | G 46 5 M G3Si1 | ER70S-6 | Most common for structural work | | **FCAW** | T 46 2 P C 1 H5 | E71T-1 | Good for outdoor applications | | **SAW** | S 46 2 + basic flux | F7A2-EM12K | For thicker sections and long seams | **Welding Characteristics:** - **Weldability Rating:** Good (CEV typically 0.38-0.42) - **Crack Sensitivity:** Low with correct procedures - **HAZ Toughness:** Generally good with proper heat input control - **Filler Metal Selection:** Match or slightly overmatch base metal strength ### **C. Machining Parameters:** - **Turning:** 100-150 m/min, feed 0.2-0.4 mm/rev - **Milling:** 80-120 m/min, feed 0.15-0.3 mm/tooth - **Drilling:** 25-40 m/min with peck cycles for deep holes - **Surface Finish:** Ra 3.2-6.3 μm achievable with proper techniques - **Tool Life:** Approximately 60-70% of free-cutting steel 1212 --- ## **5. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS** ### **A. Building & Construction:** - **Commercial Buildings:** Medium-rise office buildings, shopping centers, hotels - **Industrial Structures:** Factory buildings, warehouses with medium crane capacities - **Public Buildings:** Schools, hospitals, sports facilities requiring enhanced strength - **Residential Construction:** Multi-story apartment buildings, parking structures ### **B. Infrastructure Projects:** - **Bridge Construction:** Medium-span bridges, pedestrian bridges, overpasses - **Transportation:** Railway station structures, bus terminals, airport facilities - **Utilities:** Power substation structures, transmission towers, pump houses - **Water Management:** Treatment plant structures, pipe bridges, reservoir covers ### **C. Industrial Equipment & Machinery:** - **Material Handling:** Medium-duty conveyor structures, crane runways, hoist supports - **Processing Plants:** Platform structures, walkways, equipment supports - **Manufacturing:** Machine bases, production line structures, safety guards - **Agricultural:** Equipment frames, storage structures, processing facilities ### **D. Specialized Structural Applications:** - **Mobile Equipment:** Trailer frames, vehicle chassis components - **Marine Structures:** Small vessel construction, dock equipment, marina structures - **Temporary Structures:** Heavy-duty scaffolding, formwork, falsework - **Renewable Energy:** Solar panel supports, small wind turbine towers **Application Selection Criteria:** - **When S235 is insufficient:** For higher load requirements or weight reduction needs - **Moderate climate applications:** Where temperatures may occasionally drop below freezing - **Cost-conscious projects:** Where S355 strength is not required but S235 is inadequate - **General fabrication:** Where enhanced strength provides design flexibility --- ## **6. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS & EQUIVALENTS** ### **Primary Designations:** - **EN Standard:** EN 10025-2:2019 - **Material Number:** 1.0143 - **Steel Name:** S275J0 - **Former Designation:** Fe 430 B (EN 10025:1990) ### **Global Structural Steel Equivalents:** | Country/Standard | Equivalent Grade | Key Comparison Notes | |-----------------|------------------|----------------------| | **ISO** | ISO 630-2: E275B | Nearly identical specifications | | **USA (ASTM)** | ASTM A572 Gr. 42 | Similar yield strength (290 MPa) | | **USA (ASTM)** | ASTM A529 Gr. 55 | Higher strength but similar application | | **Germany (DIN)** | DIN EN 10025-2: S275J0 | Direct adoption | | **UK (BS)** | BS 4360: 43B | Historical equivalent | | **Japan (JIS)** | JIS G3106: SM490A | Slightly higher strength (325 MPa) | | **China (GB)** | GB/T 700: Q275B | Similar strength with 20°C impact | | **Australia** | AS/NZS 3678: 300L0 | 300 MPa yield with 0°C impact | ### **Comparison within EN 10025 Structural Steels:** | Grade | Yield Strength (MPa) | Impact Test | Typical CEV | Relative Cost | Strength Advantage | |-------|---------------------|-------------|-------------|---------------|-------------------| | **S235J0** | 235 | 0°C | 0.34-0.38 | Base | - | | **S275J0** | **275** | **0°C** | **0.38-0.42** | **+10-15%** | **+17%** | | **S355J0** | 355 | 0°C | 0.40-0.45 | +25-35% | +51% vs S235 | | **S275JR** | 275 | +20°C (opt) | 0.38-0.42 | +5-8% | +17% | --- ## **7. QUALITY ASSURANCE & TESTING** ### **Mandatory Testing (EN 10025-2):** 1. **Tensile Test:** One test per batch ≤ 40 tonnes 2. **Impact Test:** One set (3 specimens) at 0°C per batch 3. **Bend Test:** If specified in purchase order 4. **Visual Inspection:** Surface quality per standard requirements ### **Additional Testing Options:** - **Ultrasonic Testing:** For critical applications (quality classes S1-S4) - **Through-Thickness Testing:** Z-direction properties if required - **Hardness Testing:** Multiple location verification - **Chemical Analysis:** Full spectrographic report available ### **Certification Requirements:** - **EN 10204 3.1 Certificate:** Standard delivery with manufacturer's declaration - **3.2 Certificate:** Available with independent verification - **Traceability:** Complete heat number tracking through supply chain - **Test Reports:** Including impact test results at 0°C ### **Quality Control Standards:** - **Dimensional Tolerances:** Per EN 10029 for plates, EN 10034 for sections - **Surface Quality:** Free from harmful defects per EN 10025-2 requirements - **Marking:** Standard identification including grade, heat number, dimensions - **Packaging:** Suitable for transport and storage to prevent damage --- ## **8. DESIGN & SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS** ### **Design Advantages:** 1. **Improved Load Capacity:** 17% higher yield strength than S235J0 2. **Weight Reduction Potential:** Can reduce section sizes compared to S235 3. **Economic Optimization:** Better strength-to-cost ratio than S355 for many applications 4. **Code Acceptance:** Widely recognized in international design codes 5. **Fabrication Friendly:** Good balance of strength and workability ### **Design Limitations:** - **Not for Severe Cold:** Not suitable for sustained service below -20°C - **Thickness Limitations:** Strength reduction in thicker sections - **Availability:** Less commonly stocked than S235 or S355 grades - **Corrosion Resistance:** Standard carbon steel corrosion characteristics ### **Specification Best Practices:** ```plaintext EN 10025-2 S275J0 Product Form: [Hot rolled sections/plate as required] Thickness: [specify with tolerance] Delivery Condition: As rolled (AR) or normalized (N) as required Supplementary Requirements: - Impact testing at 0°C with minimum 27J - Certification: EN 10204 3.1 including test reports - Maximum CEV: 0.42% (if required) - Marking: Standard identification including grade designation ``` ### **Design Recommendations:** 1. **Consider S275J0 when:** - S235 strength is marginal for design loads - Moderate weight reduction is beneficial - Service temperatures may occasionally drop below freezing - Cost constraints preclude S355 specification 2. **Consider alternatives when:** - Service temperatures consistently > 10°C (S275JR may suffice) - Temperatures consistently < -10°C (consider S275J2) - Higher strength-to-weight is critical (consider S355) - Very thick sections required (strength reduction may be significant) --- ## **9. ENVIRONMENTAL & SUSTAINABILITY** ### **Corrosion Protection:** - **Painting Systems:** Standard epoxy or polyurethane systems - **Galvanizing:** Suitable with proper surface preparation - **Weathering Steel:** S275J0W variant available for atmospheric corrosion resistance - **Maintenance:** Regular inspection and touch-up as required ### **Environmental Performance:** - **Recyclability:** >95% recycling rate at end of life - **Embodied Carbon:** Approximately 1.9-2.3 tCO₂/t steel - **Production Impact:** Lower than alloy steels due to simpler chemistry - **Sustainable Sourcing:** Available with environmental product declarations ### **Life Cycle Considerations:** - **Design Life:** 25-50 years with proper maintenance - **Maintenance Requirements:** Similar to other carbon structural steels - **End-of-Life Value:** High scrap value due to simple chemistry - **Environmental Certifications:** Available from responsible producers --- ## **10. TECHNICAL SUMMARY** **EN 1.0143 (S275J0)** represents an **optimized intermediate-grade structural steel** that fills an important niche between the ubiquitous S235 and higher-strength S355 grades. Its **balanced combination** of enhanced strength, certified 0°C toughness, and good fabricability makes it an intelligent choice for engineers seeking to optimize structural designs without resorting to alloy steels. **Market Position & Usage:** S275J0 occupies approximately 15-20% of the European structural steel market, primarily in applications where S235 lacks sufficient strength but S355 provides unnecessary capacity. Its use is particularly common in: - Medium-span building structures - Industrial facilities with moderate loading - Infrastructure projects with weight/strength optimization requirements - Applications requiring certified toughness at moderate temperatures **Industry Trends:** Increasing emphasis on material efficiency and sustainable construction is expected to drive greater utilization of intermediate-strength grades like S275J0, as they offer improved performance without the environmental impact of alloy steel production. The trend toward performance-based design favors materials with well-defined properties over nominal specifications. **Selection Decision Framework:** - **Choose S275J0 over S235J0 when:** Load requirements exceed S235 capacity, weight reduction is beneficial, or the material cost increase is justified by overall project savings - **Choose S355J0 over S275J0 when:** Higher strength-to-weight ratio is critical, design loads are significantly higher, or project specifications mandate minimum S355 - **Consider project-specific factors:** Availability, fabricator experience, connection design requirements, and total project economics **Final Recommendation:** For structural applications in moderate climates where enhanced load capacity is required but S355 strength is excessive, **S275J0 provides an excellent balance of performance, fabricability, and economy**. Its certified 0°C impact properties offer reliability for structures that may experience occasional freezing temperatures, while its 275 MPa yield strength provides meaningful advantages over S235 grades for many common structural applications. --- **Important Notice:** This technical datasheet provides general information based on standard specifications. For specific projects: 1. Always consult the latest edition of EN 10025-2 and applicable national regulations 2. Review actual mill test certificates for supplied material 3. Consider project-specific conditions including loading, environment, and service life 4. Engage qualified structural engineers for design and specification 5. Verify local availability and supply chain considerations Properties may vary between manufacturers and production methods. Always confirm critical properties through project-specific verification when applications involve safety-critical functions or unusual conditions. For specialized applications (pressure vessels, offshore structures, etc.), additional standards and requirements may apply beyond those described in this general structural steel datasheet. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: EN 1.0143 High Manganese, Structural, Hot Rolled, Quality Steel Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <5793 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: EN 1.0143 High Manganese, Structural, Hot Rolled, Quality Steel Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of EN 1.0143 High Manganese, Structural, Hot Rolled, Quality Steel Flange -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers EN 1.0143 High Manganese, Structural, Hot Rolled, Quality Steel Flange -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of EN 1.0143 High Manganese, Structural, Hot Rolled, Quality Steel Flange -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Flange drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 2264 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition