1,We Manufacturing processes are primarily classified into four types:
1:Forging,
2:Casting,
3:Cutting,
4:Rolling.
2,We can manufacture in accordance with these standards.
Standards:
GB Series (Chinese Standards), JB Series (Machinery Standards), HG Series (Chemical Industry Standards), ASME B16.5 (American Standards), BS4504 (British Standards), DIN (German Standards), and JIS (Japanese Standards).
Internationally, there are two primary systems of pipe flange standards: the European system, represented by the German DIN standards (including those of the former Soviet Union), and the American system, represented by the US ANSI pipe flange standards. Other common standards include: the Chinese Ministry of Machinery Industry standards (JB series), the Ministry of Chemical Industry standards (HG series), the Chinese National Standard *GB/T 9112–9124-2010 Steel Pipe Flanges*, as well as US standards (ASME B16.5), British standards (BS4504), German standards (DIN), Japanese standards (JIS), and marine standards (CBM), among others.
The nominal pressure ratings for the PN series are designated by "PN" and comprise the following nine levels: PN2.5, PN6, PN10, PN16, PN25, PN40, PN63, PN100, and PN160.
The nominal pressure ratings for the Class series are designated by "Class" and comprise the following six levels: Class150, Class300, Class600, Class900, Class1500, and Class2500.
Flange Classification
1. **According to Chemical Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Plate Flat Welding Flange (PL), Necked Flat Welding Flange (SO), Necked Butt Welding Flange (WN), Integral Flange (IF), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Threaded Flange (Th), Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/SE), Blind Flange (BL), Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/PJ), and Lined Blind Flange (BL(s)).
2. **According to Petrochemical (SH) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Threaded Flange (PL), Butt Welding Flange (WN), Flat Welding Flange (SO), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Loose Flange (LJ), and Blind Flange (no specific designation).
3. **According to Machinery (JB) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Integral Flange, Butt Welding Flange, Plate Flat Welding Flange, Butt Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Lap Joint Ring Plate Loose Flange, and Blind Flange.
4. **According to Connection Method/Type:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Plate Flat Welding Flange, Necked Flat Welding Flange, Necked Butt Welding Flange, Socket Welding Flange, Threaded Flange, Blind Flange, Necked Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange, Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) Flange and Blind Flange, Large-Diameter Plate Flange, Large-Diameter High-Neck Flange, Figure-8 Blind Plate, Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, etc.
5. **According to the Component Being Connected:** Flanges can be classified into Vessel Flanges and Pipe Flanges.
6. **According to Structural Type:** Flanges include Integral Flanges, Threaded Flanges, Flat Welding Flanges, Butt Welding Flanges, Lap Joint (Loose/Swivel) Flanges, and Blind Flanges.
A flange—also referred to as a flange plate or rim—is a component used to connect shafts to one another, or, more commonly, to join the ends of pipes. Flanges are also utilized at the inlet and outlet ports of equipment to facilitate connections between two devices—for instance, the flange on a speed reducer. A "flange connection" or "flanged joint" refers to a detachable joint assembly comprising three interconnected elements—a flange, a gasket, and bolts—that together form a sealed structural unit. In the context of piping systems, a "pipe flange" specifically denotes a flange used for plumbing within the installation; when applied to equipment, it refers to the inlet or outlet flange of that specific device. Flanges feature a series of holes through which bolts are inserted to securely fasten the two flanges together, while a gasket placed between the flanges ensures a leak-proof seal. Flanges are broadly categorized into three types: threaded (screw-in) flanges, welded flanges, and clamp-type flanges. Flanges are invariably used in pairs; threaded flanges are suitable for low-pressure piping applications, whereas welded flanges are required for systems operating at pressures exceeding 4 kilograms per square centimeter. A sealing gasket is inserted between the two flange plates, which are then firmly secured using bolts. The thickness of a flange—as well as the specifications of the bolts used to fasten it—vary depending on the specific pressure rating required for the application. When connecting equipment such as water pumps or valves to piping systems, the corresponding connection points on these devices are often manufactured in the shape of a matching flange; this method of attachment is also referred to as a "flange connection." Generally, any connecting component that utilizes bolts to join and seal the perimeters of two flat surfaces—such as the joints in ventilation ducts—is termed a "flange"; such components may collectively be classified as "flange-type parts." However, since such a connection often constitutes merely a *portion* of a larger device—for instance, the interface between a flange and a water pump—it would be inappropriate to classify the entire water pump itself as a "flange-type part." Conversely, smaller components—such as valves—that feature such flanged interfaces may indeed be appropriately categorized as "flange-type parts."
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Crucible Steel Flange KETOS® Tool Steel Flange, AISI O1 Product Information
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Crucible Steel Flange KETOS® Tool Steel Flange, AISI O1 Synonyms
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Crucible Steel KETOS® Tool Steel, AISI O1 Product Information
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# **Product Introduction: Crucible Steel KETOS® (AISI O1) Tool Steel**
Crucible Steel KETOS® is a premium, oil-hardening, non-shrinking tool steel that conforms to the classic AISI O1 specification. As one of the most widely used and recognized tool steels globally, O1 is celebrated for its **excellent combination of good wear resistance, high attainable hardness, ease of heat treatment, and minimal dimensional change during quenching**. The "KETOS" brand represents Crucible's commitment to producing this fundamental grade with consistent quality, fine grain structure, and superior machinability.
KETOS® is engineered for reliability and versatility in the toolroom and production environment. Its oil-hardening nature provides a less severe quench than water, significantly reducing the risk of cracking and distortion in properly designed tools. This makes it an ideal choice for **precision tools, gauges, and dies** where dimensional accuracy is critical. O1 strikes an optimal balance between performance and processability, offering a straightforward path from machining to hardening with predictable results, cementing its status as an indispensable workhorse material for toolmakers and machinists.
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## **1. Chemical Composition (Weight %)**
KETOS® O1 utilizes a balanced manganese-tungsten-chromium system optimized for oil hardening and dimensional stability.
| **Element** | **Carbon (C)** | **Manganese (Mn)** | **Tungsten (W)** | **Chromium (Cr)** | **Vanadium (V)** | **Silicon (Si)** |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Content** | 0.85 - 0.95 | 1.00 - 1.40 | 0.40 - 0.60 | 0.40 - 0.60 | 0.10 - 0.20 | 0.20 - 0.35 |
| **Role** | Provides high hardness and forms hard carbides for wear resistance. | Primary hardenability agent for oil quenching; promotes a fine grain structure. | Contributes to wear resistance and hardenability; forms stable carbides. | Enhances hardenability, wear resistance, and provides slight corrosion resistance. | Refines grain size, improves toughness, and enhances wear resistance through fine carbide formation. | Acts as a deoxidizer during steelmaking. |
*Note: Iron (Fe) constitutes the remainder. This classic composition is the foundation of its "non-shrinking" characteristic.*
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## **2. Physical & Mechanical Properties**
*Typical properties after proper oil quenching and tempering to a working hardness of 58-62 HRC.*
* **Density:** ~7.86 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³)
* **Modulus of Elasticity:** ~210 GPa (30.5 x 10⁶ psi)
* **Thermal Conductivity:** Moderate.
* **Hardenability:** **Good (Oil-Hardening).** Designed for through-hardening in sections up to approximately 50mm (2 inches) with a vigorous oil quench.
* **Hardness (Typical Working Range):** **57 - 63 HRC.** Most commonly used at **59-61 HRC**, providing an excellent blend of edge sharpness and durability.
* **Wear Resistance:** **Good.** Suitable for a wide range of cutting and forming applications. Superior to many lower-alloy steels but generally lower than high-alloy air-hardening grades like A2 or D2.
* **Toughness:** **Good.** Offers a balanced level of impact resistance for a tool steel, suitable for applications without extreme shock.
* **Dimensional Stability:** **Excellent (Non-Shrinking).** This is a hallmark feature. When properly heat treated, O1 exhibits **minimal net size change**, often as little as +0.0002 to -0.0002 inches per inch. This predictability is invaluable for precision tooling.
* **Machinability (Annealed):** **Excellent.** One of the most machinable tool steels, allowing for easy fabrication of complex shapes.
* **Distortion Control:** **Very Good.** With proper preheating and a controlled oil quench, distortion is minimal, especially compared to water-hardening steels.
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## **3. Heat Treatment**
Heat treatment of O1 is relatively simple and forgiving, contributing to its popularity.
* **Annealing:** Heat to 760-790°C (1400-1450°F), slow cool in furnace. Annealed hardness: 183-217 HB.
* **Stress Relieving:** 595-650°C (1100-1200°F), hold, then slow cool.
* **Preheating:** Recommended at 650-700°C (1200-1290°F) to minimize thermal shock.
* **Austenitizing:** **775-800°C (1425-1475°F).** A common temperature is **790°C (1455°F)**. Soak time is critical for carbon diffusion.
* **Quenching:** **Oil quench.** Use a fast, well-agitated oil at 40-60°C (100-140°F). Quench until the part reaches hand-warm temperature (~50-65°C / 120-150°F).
* **Tempering:** **Mandatory.** Temper **immediately** after quenching.
* **Typical Tempering Range:** **150-315°C (300-600°F).**
* For a hardness of 59-61 HRC, temper at **175-230°C (350-450°F)** for 1-2 hours.
* **Avoid tempering in the range of 260-315°C (500-600°F)** due to tempered martensite embrittlement.
* **Double tempering** is often recommended for stress relief.
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## **4. Key Applications**
Crucible KETOS® (O1) is a versatile foundation for a vast array of precision tools and durable components.
* **Precision Gauges and Measuring Tools:** Plug gauges, ring gauges, thread gauges, and master fixtures where dimensional stability is paramount.
* **Blankng and Forming Dies:** Dies for stamping, bending, and forming in low to medium production runs.
* **Knives and Blades:** Woodworking planer knives, paper cutter blades, slitters, and custom cutlery.
* **Machine Tools and Components:** Lathe centers, taps, reamers, bushings, and wear plates.
* **Molds and Patterns:** For low-pressure plastic molding and pattern making.
* **General Toolroom Use:** Punches, dies, jigs, and fixtures of all kinds.
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## **5. International Standards & Cross-References**
Crucible KETOS® is the brand name for Crucible's AISI O1 grade.
* **AISI/SAE:** **O1**
* **UNS:** T31501
* **European (EN):** **1.2510** (90MnCrV8)
* **Japanese (JIS):** **SKS3**
* **Common Trade Names:** Oil-Hardening O1, Non-Shrinking Die Steel.
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## **6. Advantages & Limitations**
**Advantages:**
* **Predictable Dimensional Stability:** The "non-shrinking" characteristic allows for precise sizing of hardened tools.
* **Excellent Machinability:** Easy to fabricate, reducing manufacturing time and cost.
* **Simple & Forgiving Heat Treatment:** Accessible to most workshops with a furnace and quench tank.
* **Good All-Round Performance:** Provides a reliable balance of hardness, wear resistance, and toughness for countless applications.
* **Wide Availability and Familiarity:** A well-understood, universally available material.
**Limitations:**
* **Limited Hardenability Depth:** Not suitable for very large cross-sections requiring through-hardening.
* **Lower Wear Resistance than Premium Grades:** Will wear faster than A2, D2, or high-speed steels in severe abrasive applications.
* **Not Stainless:** Requires protection from corrosion.
* **Oil Quenching Required:** Involves handling of hot oil, with associated safety and housekeeping considerations.
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## **7. Summary**
**Crucible Steel KETOS® (AISI O1) is the quintessential, reliable workhorse of the tool steel world.** Its enduring popularity for over a century is a testament to its unmatched combination of practicality, performance, and predictability. For toolmakers, machinists, and engineers who require a material that is easy to work with, responds consistently to heat treatment, and holds precise dimensions, O1 remains the default and often the optimal choice. It is the foundation upon which countless precision tools are built, offering a perfect entry point into tool steel use and a trusted solution for a lifetime of professional applications. When in doubt for a general-purpose, precision tooling application, O1 is very rarely the wrong answer.
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Crucible Steel KETOS® Tool Steel, AISI O1 Specification
Dimensions
Size：
Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <6979 mm
Size:We can customized as required
Standard：
Per your request or drawing
We can customized as required
Properties（Theoretical）
Chemical Composition
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Crucible Steel KETOS® Tool Steel, AISI O1 Properties
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Applications of Crucible Steel Flange KETOS® Tool Steel Flange, AISI O1
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Chemical Identifiers Crucible Steel Flange KETOS® Tool Steel Flange, AISI O1
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Packing of Crucible Steel Flange KETOS® Tool Steel Flange, AISI O1
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Standard Packing:
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Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Flange drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 3450 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition
