AISI 1060 Steel, annealed

AISI 1060 Steel, annealed at 790°C (1450°F) Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1060 Steel, annealed at 790°C (1450°F) Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

AISI 1060 Steel, annealed at 790°C (1450°F) Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **Technical Data Sheet: AISI 1060 Steel, Annealed at 790°C (1450°F)** ## **1. Product Overview** AISI 1060 steel annealed at 790°C (1450°F) represents a thermally softened condition specifically engineered to optimize machinability, cold workability, and dimensional stability. This subcritical annealing process, conducted below the lower critical temperature (A1 ≈ 727°C/1340°F), promotes the **spheroidization** of cementite—transforming the hard, lamellar pearlite into soft, globular carbides dispersed within a ductile ferrite matrix. This results in the lowest possible hardness and highest ductility for this medium-high carbon steel, making it the preferred starting condition for severe cold forming operations, intricate machining, and applications requiring maximum toughness in the pre-hardened state. ## **2. International Standard Specifications** This product meets the specifications for annealed carbon steel bars under multiple international standards: | Standard System | Standard Number | Grade/Condition | |----------------|----------------|-----------------| | **ASTM (USA)** | ASTM A29/A29M | 1060, Annealed | | **ASTM (USA)** | ASTM A107 | Grade 1060, Annealed (Merchant Quality) | | **SAE (USA)** | SAE J403, J412 | 1060, Annealed | | **UNS (USA)** | G10600 | | | **EN (Europe)** | EN 10083-2 | C60 (1.0601), Soft Annealed | | **ISO** | ISO 683-18 | Type C60E, Annealed | | **JIS (Japan)** | JIS G4051 | S58C, Annealed | *Note: The 790°C annealing temperature specifically produces a spheroidized or partially spheroidized microstructure, often specified as "Spheroidize Annealed" or "Soft Annealed."* ## **3. Chemical Composition (Weight %)** The annealing process optimizes the workability of this controlled composition: | Element | Specification Range | Typical Value | Effect of 790°C Annealing | |---------|-------------------|---------------|---------------------------| | **Carbon (C)** | 0.55-0.65% | 0.60% | Forms spheroidal cementite (Fe₃C) particles; carbon content remains fully combined in carbides. | | **Manganese (Mn)** | 0.60-0.90% | 0.75% | Slows spheroidization kinetics but enhances final uniformity of carbide distribution. | | **Silicon (Si)** | 0.15-0.35% | 0.22% | Strengthens ferrite matrix slightly; minimal effect on spheroidization. | | **Phosphorus (P)** | ≤0.040% | 0.015% | Segregates to grain boundaries; kept low to maintain cold ductility. | | **Sulfur (S)** | ≤0.050% | 0.025-0.040%* | Often controlled at higher end for improved machinability in annealed condition. | | **Iron (Fe)** | Balance | Balance | Forms the ferritic matrix. | *May be specified as "Resulturized" (0.08-0.13% S) for free-machining versions (e.g., 1060R).* ## **4. Microstructural Characteristics** The 790°C subcritical anneal produces a distinctive microstructure: - **Matrix:** Soft, equiaxed ferrite grains (ASTM 7-9) - **Carbide Phase:** **Spheroidal cementite particles** uniformly dispersed throughout the matrix - **Carbide Size:** 0.5-2.0 μm diameter, depending on annealing cycle duration - **Percent Carbides:** ~9-10% by volume (theoretical for 0.60% C) - **Former Pearlite Colonies:** Completely dissolved; no lamellar structure remains - **Grain Boundaries:** Clean, carbide-free ferrite boundaries *This microstructure represents the **most stable** condition for AISI 1060, providing maximum ductility and the lowest hardness attainable.* ## **5. Mechanical Properties (Annealed at 790°C)** Properties reflect the fully softened, spheroidized condition ideal for cold working: ### **5.1 Standard Mechanical Properties** | Property | Value Range | Typical | Test Standard | |----------|-------------|---------|---------------| | **Tensile Strength** | 460-550 MPa | 505 MPa | ASTM E8/E8M | | **Yield Strength (0.2% offset)** | 275-380 MPa | 330 MPa | ASTM E8/E8M | | **Elongation (in 50 mm)** | 20-30% | 25% | ASTM E8/E8M | | **Reduction of Area** | 50-65% | 58% | ASTM E8/E8M | | **Hardness (Brinell)** | 149-179 HB | 163 HB | ASTM E10 | | **Hardness (Rockwell)** | 78-88 HRB | 83 HRB | ASTM E18 | | **Modulus of Elasticity** | 200-205 GPa | 203 GPa | - | | **Shear Modulus** | 78-80 GPa | 79 GPa | - | | **Poisson's Ratio** | 0.28-0.30 | 0.29 | - | ### **5.2 Formability & Toughness Properties** | Property | Value | Conditions | |----------|-------|------------| | **Charpy V-Notch Impact** | 40-60 J @ 20°C | ASTM E23 | | **Cold Bend Test** | Bend 180° around 1T | No cracking (per ASTM A108) | | **True Fracture Strain** | 0.7-0.9 | High ductility indicator | | **Strain Hardening Exponent (n)** | 0.15-0.20 | Relatively low, indicating good cold formability | ## **6. Physical Properties** | Property | Value | Conditions | |----------|-------|------------| | **Density** | 7.85 g/cm³ | At 20°C | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 49.2 W/m·K | At 100°C | | **Specific Heat Capacity** | 480 J/kg·K | At 20°C | | **Electrical Resistivity** | 0.0000162 Ω·m | At 20°C | | **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 11.7 μm/m·°C | 20-100°C | | **Magnetic Properties** | Ferromagnetic | Below 768°C Curie point | ## **7. Key Advantages of 790°C Annealing** ### **Optimal Cold Formability** - **Highest Possible Ductility** for AISI 1060 (>25% elongation) - **Low Yield Strength** minimizes forming forces and springback - **Excellent for Severe Deformation:** Upsetting, extruding, cold forging, deep drawing - **Consistent Flow Stress** during forming operations ### **Superior Machinability** - **Machinability Rating:** 70-75% (relative to B1112 as 100%) - **Continuous Chip Formation:** With proper tool geometry - **Reduced Tool Wear:** Softer matrix is less abrasive than pearlite - **Good Surface Finish:** Achievable Ra 0.8-1.6 μm with sharp tools ### **Thermal Stability** - **Resists Over-softening:** 790°C avoids excessive grain growth - **Uniform Properties:** Throughout cross-section, even in larger diameters - **Minimal Distortion:** During subsequent processing due to stress-free state ### **Ideal Heat Treatment Base** - **Predictable Austenitization:** Spheroidal carbides dissolve uniformly - **Minimal Distortion** during hardening due to stress-free start condition - **Consistent Hardening Response:** Reduced risk of soft spots ## **8. Subsequent Heat Treatment Response** Annealed material provides excellent baseline for further processing: | Treatment | Purpose | Typical Parameters | Resulting Hardness | |-----------|---------|-------------------|-------------------| | **Normalizing** | Refine grain after cold work | 870-900°C, air cool | 201-241 HB | | **Full Hardening** | Maximum strength | 800-820°C, quench (water/oil) | 60-65 HRC | | **Tempering** | Stress relief after hardening | 200-600°C, air cool | 25-55 HRC | | **Process Annealing** | Restore ductility after cold work | 690-720°C, slow cool | Similar to initial anneal | | **Spheroidize Annealing** | Further soften if needed | 740-760°C, very slow cool | 143-170 HB | ## **9. Primary Applications** ### **Cold Forging & Forming Blanks** - **High-Strength Fasteners:** Socket head cap screws, Grade 8 bolts, studs - **Automotive Components:** Suspension bolts, steering components, gear blanks - **Tools & Hardware:** Wrench blanks, tool bodies, precision components ### **Machined Parts for Subsequent Hardening** - **Gears and Sprockets:** Intricately machined before carburizing or hardening - **Shafts and Axles:** Precision turned before induction hardening - **Hydraulic Components:** Piston rods, valve bodies requiring finish machining ### **Cold Extrusion & Upsetting** - **Specialty Fasteners:** Custom head forms, complex geometries - **Electrical Components:** Connector bodies, terminal pins - **Defense Components:** Shell casings, precision ordnance parts ### **Tooling & Die Applications** - **Master Hubs & Dies:** For thread rolling and form rolling - **Mold Bases & Inserts:** Requiring extensive machining - **Jigs & Fixtures:** Complex tooling requiring stability ## **10. Fabrication Characteristics** ### **Machining Parameters** - **Cutting Speed:** 35-50 m/min for turning with carbide tools - **Feed Rate:** 0.15-0.30 mm/rev for roughing - **Depth of Cut:** Up to 5 mm with rigid setups - **Tool Geometry:** Positive rake (7-12°), sharp cutting edges - **Coolant:** Soluble oil or sulfurized oils for improved finish ### **Cold Working Guidelines** - **Maximum Cold Reduction:** 70-80% before intermediate annealing - **Minimum Bend Radius:** 0.5 × thickness for 90° bends - **Extrusion Ratios:** Up to 4:1 for single-stage operations - **Lubrication:** Phosphate-soap or polymer coatings for severe forming ### **Welding Considerations (Generally Not Recommended)** - **Weldability Rating:** Very Poor - **If Required:** Preheat 300-400°C, post-heat 600-650°C immediately - **Filler Metal:** Austenitic stainless (309L) or nickel-based fillers - **Alternative:** Braze or use mechanical fastening instead ## **11. Quality Assurance** - **Microstructural Verification:** Confirmation of spheroidized structure (per ASTM E112, E3) - **Hardness Testing:** Multiple readings across diameter to ensure uniformity - **Bend Testing:** For critical forming applications - **Certification:** Mill certificate per EN 10204 3.1 or ASTM A29 - **Decarburization Check:** Maximum 0.25 mm total decarb allowed per ASTM A107 ## **12. Comparative Analysis: Annealed vs. Other Conditions** | Condition | Hardness (HB) | Tensile Strength | % Elongation | Primary Advantage | |-----------|---------------|-----------------|--------------|-------------------| | **As-Rolled** | 174-229 | 620-790 MPa | 12-18% | Lowest cost | | **Normalized** | 201-241 | 690-850 MPa | 12-18% | Best strength-toughness balance | | **Annealed (790°C)** | **149-179** | **460-550 MPa** | **20-30%** | **Best machinability/formability** | | **Quenched & Tempered** | 300-400 | 900-1200 MPa | 10-15% | Highest strength | --- **Disclaimer:** The properties listed are typical for AISI 1060 annealed at 790°C with proper cycle duration (typically 2-4 hours at temperature depending on section size). Actual properties may vary based on exact chemistry, section size, furnace characteristics, and cooling rate. This soft condition is susceptible to handling damage (nicks, dents) and requires proper storage and handling. For critical forming applications, prototype testing is recommended. This data sheet does not constitute a product warranty. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1060 Steel, annealed at 790°C (1450°F) Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <4839 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: AISI 1060 Steel, annealed at 790°C (1450°F) Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of AISI 1060 Steel, annealed at 790°C (1450°F) -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers AISI 1060 Steel, annealed at 790°C (1450°F) -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of AISI 1060 Steel, annealed at 790°C (1450°F) -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 1310 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition