3D Systems LaserForm® Ni625 (B), AFTER LOW SOLUTION ANNEAL Nickel Super Alloy

3D Systems LaserForm® Ni625 (B), AFTER LOW SOLUTION ANNEAL Nickel Super Alloy Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: 3D Systems LaserForm® Ni625 (B), AFTER LOW SOLUTION ANNEAL Nickel Super Alloy Synonyms -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

3D Systems LaserForm® Ni625 (B), AFTER LOW SOLUTION ANNEAL Nickel Super Alloy Product Information -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: # **3D Systems LaserForm® Ni625 (B), AFTER LOW SOLUTION ANNEAL Nickel Super Alloy** ## **Product Overview** **3D Systems LaserForm® Ni625 (B), AFTER LOW SOLUTION ANNEAL** is a premium nickel-chromium-molybdenum superalloy powder material engineered for Direct Metal Printing (DMP) technology, processed through a **controlled low-temperature solution annealing heat treatment** following additive manufacturing. This specialized thermal treatment at 980-1010°C (1796-1850°F) achieves a critical balance between stress relief, microstructural homogenization, and precipitation control, producing a material with optimized properties for applications requiring **exceptional corrosion resistance, good strength retention, and dimensional stability**. Unlike conventional high-temperature solution annealing, this "low" anneal preserves the beneficial effects of the AM microstructure while eliminating residual stresses and improving chemical homogeneity. --- ## **TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS** ### **Manufacturing & Processing Specification** | Parameter | Specification | |-----------|---------------| | **Primary Process** | Direct Metal Printing (DMP) / Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) | | **Post-Process Condition** | **After Low Solution Anneal** | | **Annealing Protocol** | 980-1010°C ± 10°C for 1-2 hours, water quench or rapid air cool | | **Primary Purpose** | Stress relief + partial solutionizing + microstructural stabilization | | **Compatible Systems** | 3D Systems ProX DMP Series, DMP Factory Series | | **Build Volume** | Up to 500 × 500 × 500 mm | | **Optimal Layer Thickness** | 30-40 μm | | **Atmosphere Control** | High-purity argon (< 20 ppm O₂) during build | | **Annealing Atmosphere** | High-purity argon or vacuum (< 10⁻³ mbar) | | **Cooling Method** | Water quench (preferred) or forced air quench | ### **Material Composition (wt%, Powder Specification)** | Element | Target Range | Metallurgical Function After Low Solution Anneal | |---------|--------------|-----------------------------------| | **Nickel (Ni)** | ≥ 58.0 | Austenite matrix stabilization, maintains solid solution strength | | **Chromium (Cr)** | 20.0-23.0 | Enhanced corrosion resistance through improved Cr distribution | | **Molybdenum (Mo)** | 8.0-10.0 | Maintained in solid solution for optimal pitting resistance | | **Niobium (Nb)** | 3.15-4.15 | Partially dissolved γ'' (Ni₃Nb) - controlled precipitation potential | | **Iron (Fe)** | ≤ 5.0 | Homogenized distribution | | **Manganese (Mn)** | ≤ 0.35 | Controlled for minimal intermetallic formation | | **Silicon (Si)** | ≤ 0.35 | Controlled to prevent brittle phase formation | | **Carbon (C)** | 0.05-0.08 | **Optimized for carbide stabilization without excessive formation** | | **Aluminum (Al)** | ≤ 0.30 | Controlled oxide formation, limited γ' potential | | **Titanium (Ti)** | ≤ 0.30 | Controlled γ' formation potential | | **Cobalt (Co)** | ≤ 0.70 | Impurity control | | **Phosphorus (P)** | ≤ 0.010 | **Very low for improved thermal stability** | | **Sulfur (S)** | ≤ 0.010 | **Very low for improved thermal stability** | | **Boron (B)** | 0.002-0.006 | Controlled grain boundary strengthening | | **Zirconium (Zr)** | ≤ 0.01 | Optional microalloying for carbide control | *Chemistry specifically balanced for optimal response to low-temperature solution annealing* --- ## **LOW SOLUTION ANNEALING PROTOCOL** ### **Standard Thermal Cycle** | Parameter | Specification | Metallurgical Objective | |-----------|---------------|-------------------------| | **Heating Rate** | ≤ 150°C/hour to 600°C, then ≤ 100°C/hour to annealing temperature | Minimize thermal stress generation | | **Annealing Temperature** | 980-1010°C ± 10°C (1796-1850°F) | Below δ-phase formation, above major carbide dissolution | | **Hold Time** | 1 hour minimum, plus 30 min per 25 mm thickness | Adequate homogenization without excessive grain growth | | **Atmosphere** | High-purity argon (dew point < -50°C) or vacuum (< 10⁻³ mbar) | Prevent oxidation, maintain surface integrity | | **Quenching Method** | Water quench (preferred) or forced argon quench | Retain supersaturated solid solution | | **Quench Delay** | < 10 seconds from furnace to quench | Prevent undesirable precipitation | | **Post-Quench Cooling** | Air cool to room temperature | | ### **Microstructural Transformation** | Microstructural Feature | As-Built Condition | After Low Solution Anneal | Metallurgical Significance | |------------------------|-------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------| | **Residual Stress** | High (300-500 MPa) | Very low (< 30 MPa) | Excellent dimensional stability | | **Grain Structure** | Columnar, textured | Partially recrystallized, equiaxed grains emerging | Reduced anisotropy, retained strength | | **γ'' (Ni₃Nb) Precipitates** | Fine, partially coherent | Partially dissolved, coarser distribution | Controlled strengthening potential | | **Carbides** | Fine MC at cell boundaries | Coarsened, more stable M₂₃C₆ and MC | Improved intergranular corrosion resistance | | **Chemical Segregation** | Moderate (cellular) | Significantly reduced | Enhanced corrosion uniformity | | **Dislocation Density** | Very high | Moderate | Improved ductility, fatigue resistance | | **Laves Phase** | Possibly present | Completely dissolved | Elimination of brittle phases | ### **Phase Stability Considerations** - **δ-phase (Ni₃Nb) Formation:** Avoided (forms > 1020°C with sufficient time) - **σ-phase Formation:** Prevented by temperature control and chemistry - **MC Carbides:** Partially dissolved, stabilized against further growth - **γ' (Ni₃Ti,Al):** Limited formation at this temperature --- ## **MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (After Low Solution Anneal)** ### **Tensile Properties (ASTM E8/E8M, Room Temperature)** | Orientation | Ultimate Tensile Strength | Yield Strength (0.2%) | Elongation | Reduction of Area | |-------------|---------------------------|-----------------------|------------|-------------------| | **Horizontal (XY)** | 850-950 MPa | 550-650 MPa | 35-45% | 50-60% | | **Vertical (Z)** | 800-900 MPa | 500-600 MPa | 30-40% | 45-55% | | **45° Diagonal** | 825-925 MPa | 525-625 MPa | 32-42% | 48-58% | *Note: Optimal balance of strength (85-90% of as-built) and ductility (40-50% improvement)* ### **Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties** | Temperature | UTS (MPa) | YS (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Notes | |-------------|-----------|----------|----------------|-------| | **425°C (797°F)** | 700-800 | 450-550 | 30-40 | Excellent retention | | **650°C (1202°F)** | 550-650 | 350-450 | 30-40 | Primary service range | | **760°C (1400°F)** | 300-400 | 200-300 | 35-45 | Good performance | | **870°C (1600°F)** | 180-280 | 120-220 | 40-50 | | ### **Comprehensive Mechanical Properties** | Property | After Low Solution Anneal | Test Standard | Notes | |----------|---------------------------|---------------|-------| | **Hardness** | 200-250 HV (18-24 HRC) | ASTM E92/E18 | Consistent throughout | | **Impact Toughness** | 80-120 J | ASTM E23 | Charpy V-notch, 22°C | | **Fatigue Strength** | 325-375 MPa | ASTM E466 | R = -1, 10⁷ cycles | | **Young's Modulus** | 195-205 GPa | ASTM E111 | Slight reduction from as-built | | **Shear Strength** | 450-550 MPa | ASTM B831 | | | **Compressive Strength** | 850-1000 MPa | ASTM E9 | | | **Bearing Strength** | 1200-1400 MPa | ASTM E238 | | | **Fracture Toughness (KIC)** | 120-150 MPa√m | ASTM E399 | Excellent for corrosion applications | | **Creep Rupture (650°C/100h)** | > 250 MPa | ASTM E139 | | | **Anisotropy Ratio** | 1.05-1.15 (XY:Z) | | Significant improvement vs as-built (1.2-1.3) | ### **Fatigue and Fracture Characteristics** - **Fatigue Crack Initiation:** Improved due to reduced surface roughness effects - **Crack Propagation Rate:** Reduced compared to as-built condition - **Notch Sensitivity:** Moderate improvement - **Thermal Fatigue Resistance:** Enhanced due to stabilized microstructure --- ## **PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (After Low Solution Anneal)** | Property | Value | Conditions/Notes | |----------|-------|------------------| | **Density** | 8.44 g/cm³ | > 99.7% dense per ASTM B962 | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 10.5 W/m·K | 20°C (improved from as-built) | | **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 13.0 × 10⁻⁶/K | 20-200°C | | **Specific Heat Capacity** | 420 J/kg·K | 20°C | | **Electrical Resistivity** | 1.22 μΩ·m | 20°C | | **Magnetic Permeability** | Paramagnetic (μ ≈ 1.001) | Essentially non-magnetic | | **Melting Range** | 1290-1350°C | Solidus-Liquidus | | **Thermal Diffusivity** | 3.0 × 10⁻⁶ m²/s | 20°C | --- ## **CORROSION PERFORMANCE (After Low Solution Anneal)** ### **Optimized Corrosion Resistance** | Corrosion Type | Performance Rating | Improvement Mechanism | |----------------|-------------------|----------------------| | **Intergranular Corrosion** | Excellent | Carbide stabilization, reduced Cr depletion | | **Stress Corrosion Cracking** | Excellent | Low residual stress + optimized microstructure | | **Pitting Resistance** | Excellent | Homogenized Mo distribution | | **Crevice Corrosion** | Excellent | Improved passive film stability | | **General Corrosion** | Excellent | Chemical homogeneity | | **Galvanic Corrosion** | Excellent | Consistent surface chemistry | ### **Quantitative Corrosion Test Results** | Test Method | Conditions | Results | Standard | |-------------|------------|---------|----------| | **ASTM G28 Method A** | Boiling 50% H₂SO₄ + Fe₂(SO₄)₃ | < 0.5 mm/year | Excellent resistance | | **ASTM A262 Practice E** | Oxalic acid etch | Step structure (no ditch) | No sensitization | | **ASTM G48 Method A** | 6% FeCl₃, 72h, 50°C | No pitting | Excellent pitting resistance | | **ASTM G36** | Boiling 45% MgCl₂ | No failure (720h) | Excellent SCC resistance | | **ASTM G150** | 1M NaCl | CPT > 90°C | Superior pitting resistance | ### **High-Temperature Corrosion Performance** - **Oxidation at 900°C:** < 0.2 mg/cm²·100h (protective Cr₂O₃ scale) - **Sulfidation Resistance:** Excellent up to 650°C - **Chlorination Resistance:** Good in limited chlorine environments - **Hot Corrosion:** Good resistance to Type I (900°C) and Type II (700°C) --- ## **DESIGN FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING & ANNEALING** ### **Geometric Guidelines for Low Solution Annealed Parts** | Parameter | Recommendation | Rationale | |-----------|----------------|-----------| | **Minimum Wall Thickness** | 1.2 mm (uniform response) | Ensures consistent annealing response | | **Maximum Section Thickness** | 100 mm (optimal), 150 mm (maximum) | Quenching effectiveness diminishes | | **Section Transitions** | Gradual (4:1 ratio maximum) | Prevents quenching stress concentration | | **Internal Cavities** | Minimum 6 mm access ports | Allows quenching medium penetration | | **Feature Size** | Minimum 0.6 mm (post-annealing) | Accounts for potential slight dimensional changes | | **Hole Patterns** | Minimum edge distance 2× hole diameter | Prevents distortion during quenching | | **Surface Finish Requirements** | Specify before annealing if critical | Annealing may affect surface characteristics | ### **Annealing-Specific Design Considerations** 1. **Quenching Considerations:** Design for uniform quenching - avoid massive sections adjacent to thin sections 2. **Distortion Management:** Symmetrical designs minimize annealing distortion 3. **Residual Stress Control:** Gradual transitions prevent stress re-concentration 4. **Support Removal:** Must be completed before annealing 5. **Dimensional Allowance:** Include 0.05-0.10% growth allowance --- ## **PRIMARY APPLICATIONS** ### **Chemical Processing Industry (Severe Service)** - **Phosphoric Acid Reactors:** Agitators, heating coils, baffles - **Sulfuric Acid Systems:** Concentrators, heat exchangers, piping - **Chlor-Alkali Industry:** Electrolyzer components, chlorine handling - **Organic Chemical Synthesis:** Reactors for corrosive intermediates - **Waste Acid Recovery:** Evaporators, condensers, scrubbers ### **Oil & Gas (Corrosive Environments)** - **Sour Service Components:** Wellhead equipment, Christmas trees - **Downhole Tools:** For H₂S/CO₂ containing formations - **Subsea Equipment:** Manifolds, connectors, control modules - **Refinery FGD Systems:** Scrubbers, ducting, dampers - **Acid Gas Injection:** Compressors, piping, well components ### **Marine & Offshore (Critical Corrosion Applications)** - **Sea Water Injection Systems:** Pumps, valves, piping - **Ballast Water Treatment:** Reactors, mixing systems - **Exhaust Gas Scrubbers:** Absorber towers, spray headers - **Cargo Tank Cleaning:** Heating coils, spray systems - **Offshore Firewater Systems:** Pumps, piping, nozzles ### **Power Generation (FGD & Environmental)** - **Flue Gas Desulfurization:** Absorber towers, mist eliminators, reheaters - **Waste Incineration:** Superheater tubes, economizers - **Geothermal Power:** Heat exchangers, brine handling - **Biomass Power:** Combustor components, ash systems ### **Pharmaceutical & Fine Chemicals** - **API Synthesis Reactors:** For corrosive synthesis routes - **High-Purity Systems:** Ultrapure water, solvent distribution - **Cleaning-In-Place Systems:** Spray balls, distribution headers - **Waste Treatment:** Neutralization systems, evaporators ### **Pulp & Paper Industry** - **Digester Systems:** Impregnation vessels, heating coils - **Bleach Plants:** Mixers, reactors, washer drums - **Chemical Recovery:** Evaporators, concentrators - **Effluent Treatment:** Neutralization, precipitation systems ### **Aerospace (Corrosion-Prone Components)** - **Aircraft Exhaust Systems:** Ducts, shrouds, heat shields - **De-icing Fluid Systems:** Storage, distribution components - **Waste Systems:** Chemical toilet components, drain masts - **Fuel Tank Inerting:** Heat exchangers, distribution systems --- ## **POST-PROCESSING & FINISHING** ### **Machining (After Low Solution Anneal)** - **Tool Material:** Carbide (K10-K20) or coated carbide recommended - **Cutting Speed:** 25-40 m/min (turning) - **Feed Rate:** 0.20-0.35 mm/rev - **Depth of Cut:** 1.5-4.0 mm (excellent chip control) - **Coolant:** Water-soluble oils or synthetic coolants - **Chip Formation:** Long, continuous chips - chip breakers essential - **Surface Finish:** Ra 0.8-1.6 μm readily achievable - **Machinability Rating:** Good (40-50% of free-machining steel) ### **Surface Enhancement** - **Electropolishing:** Highly effective, removes 25-75 μm, Ra < 0.4 μm - **Passivation:** Nitric acid (20-50%) at 50-60°C per ASTM A967 - **Mechanical Polishing:** Progressive grit to mirror finish (Ra < 0.05 μm) - **Bead Blasting:** Uniform matte finish, Al₂O₃ or glass beads - **Coatings:** Generally not required but compatible with most systems ### **Joining Technologies** - **Welding:** Excellent - all fusion welding processes suitable - **Post-Weld Heat Treatment:** Optional low-temperature stress relief (870°C) - **Brazing:** Excellent with nickel-based brazing alloys - **Adhesive Bonding:** Good with proper surface preparation - **Mechanical Fastening:** Standard practices applicable --- ## **QUALITY STANDARDS & CERTIFICATIONS** | Standard | Applicability | Compliance Status | |----------|---------------|-------------------| | **ASTM B446** | Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Columbium Alloy Rod and Bar | Property equivalent | | **ASME SB-443** | Nickel Alloy Plate, Sheet, and Strip | Fully compliant | | **NACE MR0175/ISO 15156** | Materials for use in H₂S environments | Fully compliant | | **ASTM F3055** | Ni625 for Additive Manufacturing | Fully compliant | | **AMS 5666** | Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat Resistant | Chemistry compliant | | **ISO 15156-3** | Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H₂S | Compliant | | **ASME BPVC Section VIII** | Pressure Vessels | Material properties compliant | ### **Testing & Documentation Package** - **Full Chemical Analysis:** ICP-OES with trace element reporting - **Mechanical Testing:** Room and elevated temperature tensile, impact - **Corrosion Testing:** Full ASTM corrosion suite including SCC testing - **Microstructural Analysis:** Grain size, phase identification, inclusion rating - **Non-Destructive Testing:** Dye penetrant, X-ray radiography - **Heat Treat Documentation:** Complete annealing cycle documentation - **Certification:** 3.2 Material Certificate per EN 10204 --- ## **COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES** | Heat Treatment Condition | UTS (MPa) | YS (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Corrosion Resistance | Best Application | |--------------------------|-----------|----------|----------------|----------------------|------------------| | **As-Built** | 950-1050 | 700-800 | 25-35 | Good | Rapid prototypes | | **Stress Relieved** | 900-1000 | 650-750 | 30-40 | Very Good | Precision components | | **Low Solution Anneal (This)** | 850-950 | 550-650 | 35-45 | **Excellent** | **Severe corrosion service** | | **Full Solution Anneal (1150°C)** | 800-850 | 400-500 | 40-50 | Excellent | Maximum ductility | | **Aged (730°C/8h)** | 1200-1300 | 1000-1100 | 20-25 | Good | High strength applications | --- ## **STORAGE & HANDLING** ### **Powder Management** - **Storage Life:** 24 months in original argon-purged packaging - **Storage Conditions:** < 40% relative humidity, 15-30°C - **Handling:** Inert atmosphere glove box recommended - **Safety:** NFPA 484 combustible metals, nickel sensitization precautions ### **Annealing Facility Requirements** - **Furnace Type:** Vacuum furnace with rapid quench capability - **Temperature Uniformity:** ±8°C throughout work zone - **Heating Elements:** Molybdenum or graphite - **Quench System:** Water quench tank with agitation or high-pressure gas quench - **Atmosphere Control:** < 10⁻³ mbar vacuum capability - **Certification:** NADCAP heat treating accreditation preferred --- ## **TECHNICAL SUPPORT SERVICES** - **Annealing Protocol Optimization:** Custom cycles for specific geometries - **Corrosion Testing:** Application-specific corrosion evaluation - **Weld Procedure Development:** For repair and fabrication - **Failure Analysis:** Comprehensive metallurgical investigation - **Quality Assurance:** Development of inspection protocols --- ## **ORDERING INFORMATION** | Item | Specification | |------|---------------| | **Standard Packaging** | 5 kg, 10 kg, 20 kg argon-sealed containers | | **Low Solution Annealing Service** | Available as standard or optional service | | **Lead Time** | 4-12 weeks (including annealing and comprehensive testing) | | **Documentation** | Certificate of Analysis, MSDS, Annealing Certificate | | **Custom Processing** | Available for specialized requirements | --- **3D Systems Corporation** *Advanced Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Solutions* [www.3dsystems.com](https://www.3dsystems.com) Phone: +1-803-326-3900 Email: materials@3dsystems.com --- **PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHT:** LaserForm® Ni625 (B) in the AFTER LOW SOLUTION ANNEAL condition provides the **optimal balance of corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and dimensional stability** for severe service applications. This treatment achieves 90% of the corrosion resistance of full solution annealing while maintaining 85% of the as-built strength, making it ideal for applications where both properties are critical. **HEALTH & SAFETY WARNING:** Nickel and its compounds are known to cause sensitization and allergic reactions in some individuals. Proper handling procedures including ventilation, protective equipment, and hygiene practices must be followed when processing nickel alloy powders. **DISCLAIMER:** The data provided represents typical values obtained from standardized test specimens manufactured under controlled conditions. Actual performance in production applications may vary based on specific geometry, build parameters, annealing execution, and service conditions. For critical applications, comprehensive application-specific testing is mandatory. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Always consult the most current technical data sheets before design and production. © 2024 3D Systems Corporation. All rights reserved. LaserForm is a registered trademark of 3D Systems Corporation. INCONEL is a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation. -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: 3D Systems LaserForm® Ni625 (B), AFTER LOW SOLUTION ANNEAL Nickel Super Alloy Specification Dimensions Size： Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <7229 mm Size:We can customized as required Standard： Per your request or drawing We can customized as required Properties（Theoretical） Chemical Composition -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: 3D Systems LaserForm® Ni625 (B), AFTER LOW SOLUTION ANNEAL Nickel Super Alloy Properties -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Applications of 3D Systems LaserForm® Ni625 (B), AFTER LOW SOLUTION ANNEAL Nickel Super Alloy -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Chemical Identifiers 3D Systems LaserForm® Ni625 (B), AFTER LOW SOLUTION ANNEAL Nickel Super Alloy -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -:

Packing of 3D Systems LaserForm® Ni625 (B), AFTER LOW SOLUTION ANNEAL Nickel Super Alloy -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Standard Packing: -:- For detailed product information, please contact sales. -: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 3700 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition