1,We Manufacturing processes are primarily classified into four types:
1:Forging,
2:Casting,
3:Cutting,
4:Rolling.
2,We can manufacture in accordance with these standards.
Standards:
GB Series (Chinese Standards), JB Series (Machinery Standards), HG Series (Chemical Industry Standards), ASME B16.5 (American Standards), BS4504 (British Standards), DIN (German Standards), and JIS (Japanese Standards).
Internationally, there are two primary systems of pipe flange standards: the European system, represented by the German DIN standards (including those of the former Soviet Union), and the American system, represented by the US ANSI pipe flange standards. Other common standards include: the Chinese Ministry of Machinery Industry standards (JB series), the Ministry of Chemical Industry standards (HG series), the Chinese National Standard *GB/T 9112–9124-2010 Steel Pipe Flanges*, as well as US standards (ASME B16.5), British standards (BS4504), German standards (DIN), Japanese standards (JIS), and marine standards (CBM), among others.
The nominal pressure ratings for the PN series are designated by "PN" and comprise the following nine levels: PN2.5, PN6, PN10, PN16, PN25, PN40, PN63, PN100, and PN160.
The nominal pressure ratings for the Class series are designated by "Class" and comprise the following six levels: Class150, Class300, Class600, Class900, Class1500, and Class2500.
Flange Classification
1. **According to Chemical Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Plate Flat Welding Flange (PL), Necked Flat Welding Flange (SO), Necked Butt Welding Flange (WN), Integral Flange (IF), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Threaded Flange (Th), Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/SE), Blind Flange (BL), Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange (PJ/PJ), and Lined Blind Flange (BL(s)).
2. **According to Petrochemical (SH) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Threaded Flange (PL), Butt Welding Flange (WN), Flat Welding Flange (SO), Socket Welding Flange (SW), Loose Flange (LJ), and Blind Flange (no specific designation).
3. **According to Machinery (JB) Industry Standards:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Integral Flange, Butt Welding Flange, Plate Flat Welding Flange, Butt Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Plate Loose Flange, Lap Joint Ring Plate Loose Flange, and Blind Flange.
4. **According to Connection Method/Type:** Flanges are classified as follows:
Plate Flat Welding Flange, Necked Flat Welding Flange, Necked Butt Welding Flange, Socket Welding Flange, Threaded Flange, Blind Flange, Necked Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, Flat Welding Ring Loose Flange, Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) Flange and Blind Flange, Large-Diameter Plate Flange, Large-Diameter High-Neck Flange, Figure-8 Blind Plate, Butt Welding Ring Loose Flange, etc.
5. **According to the Component Being Connected:** Flanges can be classified into Vessel Flanges and Pipe Flanges.
6. **According to Structural Type:** Flanges include Integral Flanges, Threaded Flanges, Flat Welding Flanges, Butt Welding Flanges, Lap Joint (Loose/Swivel) Flanges, and Blind Flanges.
A flange—also referred to as a flange plate or rim—is a component used to connect shafts to one another, or, more commonly, to join the ends of pipes. Flanges are also utilized at the inlet and outlet ports of equipment to facilitate connections between two devices—for instance, the flange on a speed reducer. A "flange connection" or "flanged joint" refers to a detachable joint assembly comprising three interconnected elements—a flange, a gasket, and bolts—that together form a sealed structural unit. In the context of piping systems, a "pipe flange" specifically denotes a flange used for plumbing within the installation; when applied to equipment, it refers to the inlet or outlet flange of that specific device. Flanges feature a series of holes through which bolts are inserted to securely fasten the two flanges together, while a gasket placed between the flanges ensures a leak-proof seal. Flanges are broadly categorized into three types: threaded (screw-in) flanges, welded flanges, and clamp-type flanges. Flanges are invariably used in pairs; threaded flanges are suitable for low-pressure piping applications, whereas welded flanges are required for systems operating at pressures exceeding 4 kilograms per square centimeter. A sealing gasket is inserted between the two flange plates, which are then firmly secured using bolts. The thickness of a flange—as well as the specifications of the bolts used to fasten it—vary depending on the specific pressure rating required for the application. When connecting equipment such as water pumps or valves to piping systems, the corresponding connection points on these devices are often manufactured in the shape of a matching flange; this method of attachment is also referred to as a "flange connection." Generally, any connecting component that utilizes bolts to join and seal the perimeters of two flat surfaces—such as the joints in ventilation ducts—is termed a "flange"; such components may collectively be classified as "flange-type parts." However, since such a connection often constitutes merely a *portion* of a larger device—for instance, the interface between a flange and a water pump—it would be inappropriate to classify the entire water pump itself as a "flange-type part." Conversely, smaller components—such as valves—that feature such flanged interfaces may indeed be appropriately categorized as "flange-type parts."
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PSM Industries PM Krupp T-42 Powder Metallurgy Steel Flange Alloy Product Information
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PSM Industries PM Krupp T-42 Powder Metallurgy Steel Flange Alloy Synonyms
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PSM Industries PM Krupp T-42 Powder Metallurgy Steel Alloy Product Information
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# **PSM Industries PM Krupp T-42 | Premium Powder Metallurgy Ultra-High Cobalt High-Speed Steel Alloy**
## **Overview**
PSM Industries' PM Krupp T-42 represents the absolute zenith of powder metallurgy high-speed steel technology, engineered to deliver **maximum high-temperature performance** and **exceptional red hardness** for the most demanding machining applications. As a PM-processed evolution of the ultra-high-cobalt T42 (AISI T42 / 1.3268) composition, this alloy combines the highest commercially available cobalt content with carefully balanced tungsten, vanadium, and carbon levels through advanced argon atomization and hot isostatic pressing technologies. PM Krupp T-42 is specifically designed for machining superalloys, hardened steels, and other difficult-to-machine materials where cutting edge temperatures routinely exceed 600°C (1112°F), and where conventional high-speed steels cannot maintain adequate hardness and edge integrity.
## **Key Features:**
- **Maximum Red Hardness:** Ultra-high cobalt content (7.50-8.50%) provides unparalleled hot hardness retention up to 650°C (1202°F)
- **Exceptional High-Temperature Strength:** Maintains cutting performance at temperatures where other HSS grades completely soften
- **Superior Thermal Conductivity:** Enhanced heat dissipation from cutting edge reduces thermal damage
- **Ultra-Fine Homogeneous Microstructure:** PM processing eliminates carbide segregation with uniformly distributed carbides of 1-3 μm
- **Excellent Thermal Fatigue Resistance:** Withstands extreme thermal cycling in interrupted cuts
- **Optimized Toughness:** Careful balance maintains adequate toughness despite very high alloy content
- **Perfect Isotropy:** Identical mechanical properties in all directions
- **Minimal Distortion:** Exceptional dimensional stability during complex heat treatments
- **Premium Grindability:** Optimized for this ultra-high alloy class through PM processing
---
## **Material Specifications: PM Krupp T-42**
### **1. Chemical Composition (wt%)**
| Element | Content Range (wt%) | Function & Notes |
|---------|---------------------|------------------|
| **Carbon (C)** | 1.25 - 1.35% | Optimized for balanced carbide formation and matrix properties |
| **Tungsten (W)** | 9.00 - 10.00% | Primary carbide former, provides exceptional red hardness |
| **Chromium (Cr)** | 3.50 - 4.00% | Provides hardenability and oxidation resistance |
| **Vanadium (V)** | 1.80 - 2.20% | Forms hard MC carbides for wear resistance |
| **Cobalt (Co)** | 7.50 - 8.50% | **Ultra-high content** - maximizes hot hardness, temper resistance, and thermal conductivity |
| **Molybdenum (Mo)** | 3.00 - 3.50% | Enhances hardenability and secondary hardening response |
| **Silicon (Si)** | 0.15 - 0.30% | Deoxidizer, minimized for optimal toughness |
| **Manganese (Mn)** | 0.15 - 0.30% | Improves hardenability, controlled for optimal properties |
| **Sulfur (S)** | ≤ 0.005% | Minimized for optimal toughness properties |
| **Phosphorus (P)** | ≤ 0.015% | Minimized for enhanced ductility |
| **Iron (Fe)** | Balance | Matrix |
**PM-Specific Advantages Over Conventional T42:**
- **Homogeneous Cobalt Distribution:** Eliminates cobalt segregation common in conventional casting
- **Optimal Carbide Distribution:** Fine, uniform carbides despite ultra-high alloy content
- **Enhanced Toughness:** 25-40% improvement in transverse rupture strength
- **Improved Grindability:** 50-80% better than conventional T42 despite similar hardness
### **2. Physical & Mechanical Properties**
#### **Physical Properties:**
| Property | Typical Value | Test Standard |
|----------|---------------|----------------|
| **Density** | 8.25 g/cm³ | ASTM B311 |
| **Melting Range** | 1415-1465°C | - |
| **Thermal Conductivity** | 27.5 W/m·K @ 20°C | 20-25% higher than M42 due to cobalt |
| **Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 11.2 × 10⁻⁶/K (20-400°C) | ASTM E228 |
| **Modulus of Elasticity** | 230 GPa | ASTM E111 |
| **Specific Heat Capacity** | 430 J/kg·K @ 20°C | ASTM E1269 |
#### **Mechanical Properties (Hardened & Triple Tempered):**
| Tempering Condition | Hardness (HRC) | Transverse Rupture Strength (MPa) | Impact Toughness (Charpy, J) | Compressive Strength (MPa) |
|----------------------|----------------|-----------------------------------|-----------------------------|----------------------------|
| **3× 560°C** | 67-69 | 3,000-3,400 | 9-12 | 3,700-4,000 |
| **3× 580°C** | 66-68 | 3,200-3,600 | 11-14 | 3,600-3,900 |
| **3× 600°C** | 65-67 | 3,400-3,800 | 13-16 | 3,500-3,800 |
| **3× 620°C** | 64-66 | 3,600-4,000 | 15-18 | 3,400-3,700 |
#### **High-Temperature Properties (Key Advantage):**
| Temperature | Hot Hardness (HV) | Hot Yield Strength (MPa) | Retained Hardness (% of RT) |
|-------------|-------------------|--------------------------|------------------------------|
| **500°C** | 750-800 | 1,600-1,800 | 85-90% |
| **550°C** | 700-750 | 1,300-1,500 | 80-85% |
| **600°C** | 650-700 | 1,000-1,200 | 75-80% |
| **650°C** | 550-600 | 700-900 | 65-70% |
#### **Comparative Hot Hardness Retention:**
| Material | Hardness @ RT (HRC) | Hardness @ 600°C (HRC) | Retention @ 600°C |
|----------|---------------------|------------------------|------------------|
| **PM Krupp T-42** | 67-69 | 52-54 | 78-80% |
| **PM T15** | 66-68 | 50-52 | 75-77% |
| **PM M42** | 67-69 | 48-50 | 70-72% |
| **PM M4** | 65-67 | 42-44 | 64-66% |
### **3. Microstructural Characteristics**
- **Carbide Volume Fraction:** 16-18%
- **Primary Carbide Types:** M₆C (Tungsten/Molybdenum-rich, 60-70%), MC (Vanadium-rich, 30-40%)
- **Average Carbide Size:** 1-3 μm
- **Maximum Carbide Size:** ≤ 5 μm
- **Carbide Morphology:** Fine, rounded carbides
- **Cobalt Distribution:** Homogeneous in solid solution
- **Grain Size:** ASTM 10-11
- **Inclusion Rating:** ASTM E45: A ≤ 0.5, B ≤ 0.5, C ≤ 0.5, D ≤ 0.5
### **4. Applicable & Reference Standards**
- **ASTM A600:** Grade T42 (8% Cobalt High-Speed Steel)
- **ISO 4957:** HS10-4-3-10 (similar composition)
- **DIN 1.3268:** German standard for ultra-high cobalt HSS
- **Customer-Specific Specifications:** Aerospace and power generation industries
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## **Heat Treatment Guidelines**
### **Annealing:**
- **Temperature:** 840-860°C (1544-1580°F)
- **Resulting Hardness:** 250-280 HB
### **Hardening:**
- **Preheating:** Multiple stages essential (500°C, 850°C, 1050°C)
- **Austenitizing:** 1200-1230°C (2192-2246°F)
- **Quenching:** High-pressure gas quench (10-15 bar) recommended
### **Tempering:**
- **Minimum:** Triple tempering required
- **Temperature Range:** 560-630°C (1040-1166°F)
- **Cryogenic Treatment:** Highly beneficial between tempers
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## **Product Applications**
### **Ultra-High Temperature Machining:**
- **Nickel-Based Superalloys:** Inconel 718, Waspaloy, Rene alloys, Hastelloy
- **Cobalt-Based Alloys:** Stellite, Haynes alloys
- **Titanium Alloys:** Especially beta and near-beta alloys
- **Hardened Steels:** 55-65 HRC materials
### **High-Performance Cutting Tools:**
- **End Mills:** For aerospace and power generation components
- **Drills:** Deep hole drilling in superalloys
- **Turning Tools:** For heavy roughing of difficult materials
- **Threading Tools:** Taps and thread mills for high-strength alloys
### **Special Applications:**
- **Die Casting Tooling:** Where extreme thermal fatigue resistance is needed
- **Hot Work Tooling:** Forging dies for high-temperature alloys
- **Wear Parts:** Operating in high-temperature abrasive environments
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## **Technical Advantages**
### **Performance Comparison:**
- **vs. PM M42:** 15-20% better hot hardness at 600°C
- **vs. PM T15:** 8-12% better high-temperature toughness
- **vs. Conventional T42:** 40-60% better grindability
- **vs. Carbides:** Better toughness and impact resistance
### **Economic Benefits:**
- **Extended Tool Life:** 50-100% in high-temperature applications
- **Higher Cutting Speeds:** 20-30% faster than M42 in superalloys
- **Reduced Downtime:** More predictable tool failure patterns
- **Improved Surface Finish:** Better edge integrity at high temperatures
---
## **Quality Assurance**
- Complete traceability with full chemical and microstructural certification
- Ultrasonic testing standard for all critical applications
- Hardness mapping and elevated temperature testing available
- Custom heat treatment certification
---
**Disclaimer:** PM Krupp T-42 is a premium material requiring specialized heat treatment and handling. Consultation with PSM technical personnel is essential for successful application. This material represents the highest performance level in high-speed steel technology and commands appropriate pricing. Specifications subject to change without notice.
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PSM Industries PM Krupp T-42 Powder Metallurgy Steel Alloy Specification
Dimensions
Size：
Diameter 20-1000 mm Length <7113 mm
Size:We can customized as required
Standard：
Per your request or drawing
We can customized as required
Properties（Theoretical）
Chemical Composition
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PSM Industries PM Krupp T-42 Powder Metallurgy Steel Alloy Properties
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Applications of PSM Industries PM Krupp T-42 Powder Metallurgy Steel Flange Alloy
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Chemical Identifiers PSM Industries PM Krupp T-42 Powder Metallurgy Steel Flange Alloy
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Packing of PSM Industries PM Krupp T-42 Powder Metallurgy Steel Flange Alloy
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Standard Packing:
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Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and Steel Flange drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 3584 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request. E FORUs’ is carefully handled to minimize damage during storage and transportation and to preserve the quality of our products in their original condition
